AlkaneType of saturated hydrocarbon compoundChemical structure of methane, the simplest alkaneIn organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclicsaturatedhydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single.Wurtz reactionIn organic chemistry, the Wurtz reaction, named after Charles Adolphe Wurtz, is a coupling reaction in which two alkyl halides are treated with sodium metal to form a higher alkane. 2 R−X + 2 Na → R−R + 2 NaXThe reaction is of little value because yields are low. Exceptions are some intramolecular versions, such as 1,2-dibromohexane + 2 Na → cyclohexene + 2 NaBr. A related reaction, which combines alkyl halides with aryl halides is called the Wurtz–Fittig reaction.
KetoneIn organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group−C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). A ketone derived from an alkane is an alkanone. The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry.
DecarboxylationDecarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). Usually the term refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carboxylation, the addition of CO2 to a compound. Enzymes that catalyze decarboxylations are called decarboxylases or, more formally, carboxy-lyases (EC number 4.1.1).
BiodieselFuel made from vegetable oils or animal fatsExperimental French Régiolis Class train using biodieselSpace-filling model of ethyl stearate, or stearic acid ethyl ester, an ethyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and ethanolTwo general pathways for biodiesels from a fat. The process starts with hydrogenation of backbone double bonds. Fatty acid methyl esters can then be produced by transesterification.
Grignard reagentGrignard reagents or Grignard compounds are chemical compounds with the general formula RMgX(S)n, where X is a halide, R is an organic group (normally an alkyl or aryl), S is an ether, and n is usually 2. Usually, the ether groups are omitted from the formula. Thus, two typical examples are methylmagnesium chlorideClMgCH3 and phenylmagnesium bromideC6H5MgBr. They are a subclass of the organomagnesium compounds.
Urea extraction crystallizationThe urea extraction crystallization is a process for separating linear paraffins (n-paraffins, n-alkanes) from hydrocarbon mixtures through the formation of urea-n-paraffin-clathrates. The process is primarily used to lower the pour point of petroleum products, by-products of the process are n-paraffins in high purity. The method may also applied for the separation of fatty acids and fatty alcohols. In addition to urea also thiourea is used in the process.
CarbonChemical element with atomic number 6 (C)–↑C↓Siboron ← carbon → nitrogenKolbe electrolysisThe Kolbe electrolysis or Kolbe reaction is an organic reaction named after Hermann Kolbe. The Kolbe reaction is formally a decarboxylative dimerisation of two carboxylic acids (or carboxylate ions).
Coal tarCoal tar is a viscous dark liquid that is a by-product of deriving coke and coal gas from coal. Coal tar has long been a source of useful chemicals as well as a general wood preservative. Although not common, it is used topically for relief from some skin conditions. HistoryCoal tar has been produced since about 1665. Much later, in the production of coke and illumination gases ("town gas"), it was an undesirable byproduct. Soon it was found to be a source of solvents.
NonaneNonane is a linear alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C9H20. It is a colorless, flammable liquid, occurring primarily in the component of the petroleum distillate fraction commonly called kerosene, which is used as a heating, tractor, and jet fuel. Nonane is also used as a solvent, distillation chaser, fuel additive, and a component in biodegradable detergents. It is also a minor component of diesel fuel. Nonane has 35 structural isomers.Wolff–Kishner reductionThe Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. The reaction was reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912.
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