List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita2025 worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita and by region. The width of each bar corresponds to the region's population size, and the height shows the emissions per capita. Therefore, the total area of each rectangle represents the total emissions for that specific region. The color of the area indicates the year-over-year growth of total emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions by the United StatesThe United States produced 7 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalentgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2025, the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person. In 2025 China is estimated to have emitted 29% of world GHG, followed by the United States with 12%, then India with 7%. In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country.
List of locations and entities by greenhouse gas emissionsThis article is a list of locations and entities by greenhouse gas emissions, i.e. the greenhouse gas emissions from companies, activities, and countries on Earth which cause climate change. The relevant greenhouse gases are mainly: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and the fluorinated gasesbromofluorocarbon, chlorofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, nitrogen trifluoride, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.
Greenhouse gas emissions by ChinaThe total greenhouse gas emissions of the People's Republic of China are the world's highest, accounting for 35% of the world's total, in 2023, according to the International Energy Agency. The country's emissions may have peaked in 2024 or 2025. When measuring production-based emissions, China emitted over 12.6 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases in 2023, 35% of the world's total.
Fossil fuelFuel formed naturally from dead plants and animalsThe 3 main fossil fuels (from top to bottom): natural gas, oil (petroleum), and coalFossil fuels share energyA fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.
Climate changeHuman-caused changes to climate on EarthChanges in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.Earth's average surface air temperature has increased about 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) since the Industrial Revolution.
Carbon dioxideCarbon-oxygen gasNames IUPAC nameCarbon dioxideOther names Carbonic acid gasCarbonic anhydrideCarbonic dioxideCarbonic oxideCarbon(IV) oxideMethanedioneR-744 (refrigerant)R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling)Dry ice (solid phase)Identifiers CAS Number124-38-93D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageBeilstein Reference1900390 ChEBICHEBI:16526ChEMBLChEMBL1231871ChemSpider274ECHA InfoCard100.004.271EC Number204-696-9E numberE290 (preservatives)Gmelin Reference989 KEGGD00004MeSHCarbon+dioxidePubChemCID280RTECS numberFF6400000UNII142M471B3JUN number1013 (gas), 1845 (solid) CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4027028InChIInChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAOSMILESO=C=OC(=O)=OProperties Chemical formulaCO2Molar mass44.009 g·mol Appearance Colorless gas OdorLow concentrations: noneHigh concentrations: sharp; acidicDensity1562 kg/m (solid at 1 atm (100 kPa) and −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F))1101 kg/m (liquid at saturation −37 °C (−35 °F))1.977 kg/m (gas at 1 atm (100 kPa) and 0 °C (32 °F))Critical point (T, P) 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C), 7.3773(30) MPa (72.808(30) atm) Sublimationconditions194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) at 1 atm (0.101325 MPa) Solubility in water1.45 g/L at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa (0.99 atm) Vapor pressure5.7292(30) MPa, 56.54(30) atm (20 °C (293.15 K)) Acidity (pKa) Carbonic acid:pKa1 = 3.6pKa1(apparent) = 6.35pKa2 = 10.33 Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−20.5·10 cm/mol Thermal conductivity0.01662 W·m·K (300 K (27 °C; 80 °F)) Refractive index (nD)1.00045 Viscosity14.90 μPa·s at 25 °C (298 K)70 μPa·s at −78.5 °C (194.7 K)Dipole moment0 D Structure Crystal structureTrigonal Point groupD∞hMolecular shapeLinearThermochemistry Heat capacity(C)37.135 J/(K·mol) Std molarentropy(S298)214 J·mol·K Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−393.5 kJ·mol Pharmacology ATC codeV03AN02 (WHO) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH280, H281Precautionary statementsP282, P336+P317, P403, P410+P403NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 200SALethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LCLo (lowest published)90,000 ppm (162,000 mg/m) (human, 5 min) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m), ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m) IDLH (Immediate danger)40,000 ppm (72,000 mg/m) Safety data sheet (SDS) Sigma-AldrichRelated compounds Other anionsCarbon disulfideCarbon diselenideCarbon ditellurideOther cationsSilicon dioxideGermanium dioxideTin dioxideLead dioxideTitanium dioxideZirconium dioxideHafnium dioxideCerium dioxideThorium dioxideRelated carbonoxidesSee OxocarbonRelated compoundsCarbonic acidCarbonyl sulfideCarbonyl selenideSupplementary data page Carbon dioxide (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)
CoalCombustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbonCoal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as layers called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is a fossil fuel, formed when plants decay into peat which is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years.
Greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect occurs when heat-trapping gases in a planet's atmosphere prevent the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source (as in the case of Jupiter) or come from an external source, such as a host star. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits shortwave radiation (sunlight) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface.
Natural gasGaseous fossil fuelFor the Canadian band, see Natural Gas (band).Natural gas burning on a gas stoveNatural gas (also gas, methane gas or fossil gas) is a fossil fuel, naturally occurring in geological formations. Typically, the gas is a mix of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane (95%), small amounts of higher alkanes, and traces of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and helium.
PetroleumNaturally occurring combustible liquidA sample of petroleumPumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas, U.S.An oil refinery in Ahmadi Governorate in KuwaitPetroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a natural resource that appears as a yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting primarily of hydrocarbons.
Big OilGlobally, net income of the oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.After the COVID-19 pandemic, energy company profits increased with higher fuel prices resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, falling debt levels, tax write-downs of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Big Oil is a colloquial grouping of the world's six or seven largest publicly traded and investor-owned oil and gas companies, also known as supermajors.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.