Greek landing at SmyrnaBelligerentsGreeceNaval support:United KingdomFranceUnited StatesOttoman EmpireCommanders and leaders Colonel Nikolaos Zafeiriou¹Lt. Colonel ²Cpt.
Turkish War of IndependenceInterwar conflict in Turkey, 1919–1923BelligerentsTurkish National Movement:Ankara Government(1919–1920; 1920–1923)Also: Azerbaijan(1918–1920)Aras Republic(1918–1919)Iğdır National Republic(1918–1920)Provisional Kars Government(1918–1919)Green Army(1919–1920)Oltu Council Government(1919–1920)Kurdistan(1919; 1921–1923)Kurdish volunteersAllied Powers: Greece France(until 1921)French West AfricaArmenian LegionAlgeria French Morocco French TunisiaBritish Empire United Kingdom India Armenia(in 1920)Istanbul Government(in 1920)Other pro-Istanbul rebels Georgia(in 1921)Separatists:Pontic Greek rebelsKurdish rebelsAssyrian rebelsGreen Army(1920–1921)Commanders and leadersMustafa Kemal PashaMustafa Fevzi PashaMustafa İsmet PashaKâzım Karabekir PashaFahrettin PashaAli Fuat PashaRefet PashaNureddin PashaAli İhsan PashaOsman the LameEthem the Circassian(until 1920)Eleftherios VenizelosLeonidas ParaskevopoulosConstantine IDimitrios Gounaris Anastasios PapoulasGeorgios Hatzianestis Henri GouraudDrastamat KanayanMovses SilikyanSir George MilneMehmed VIDamat Ferid PashaSüleyman Şefik PashaAnzavur Ahmed Pasha Ethem the CircassianAlişerStrength May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000(creation of regular army)August 1922: 271,000 Dec.
Greek Summer OffensiveBelligerentsGreeceUnited KingdomOttoman EmpireAnkara GovernmentCommanders and leadersLeonidas ParaskevopoulosDimitrios IoannouGeorge MilneSüleyman Şefik PashaAli Fuat PashaÇerkes EthemStrength 101,625 men 30,000 men 2,000 men 10,200 menCasualties and losses Unknown UnknownThe Greek Summer Offensive of 1920 was an offensive by the Greek army, assisted by British forces, to capture the southern region of the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Region from the Kuva-yi Milliye (National Forces) of the provisional Turkish national movement government in Ankara.
Kingdom of GreeceToday part ofGreeceTurkey^ On 1 June 1973, the Greek military junta unilaterally abolished the monarchy, then held a rigged referendum on 29 July 1973.
Turkish National MovementPersonalTimelineMilitary careerDeath and state funeralMausoleum1st President of TurkeyReformsAbolition of the sultanateAbolition of the caliphateİzmir plotSecularismEducational reformTurkish language reformWesternizationIndustrializationNation-buildingTurkificationCitizen, speak Turkish!Sun Language TheoryTurkish History ThesisSurname LawState Art and Sculpture MuseumKemalism"Peace at Home, Peace in the World"Republican People's PartyLa Turquie KemalisteHistoriographyNutukLegacyAwards and honoursCult of personalityAtatürk CentennialAtatürk International Peace PrizeThe Turkish National Movement (Turkish: Türk Ulusal Hareketi or Millî Hareket), also known as the Anatolian Movement (Turkish: Anadolu Hareketi), the Nationalist Movement (Turkish: Milliyetçi Hareket), and the Kemalists (Turkish: Kemalîler, Kemalciler or Kemalistler), included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros.
İzmirCity in the Aegean region of TurkeyCity and metropolitan municipality in Aegean, Turkeyİzmir is the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara, and the largest metropolitan area on the Aegean Sea. It is on the Aegean coast of Anatolia, and is the capital of İzmir Province. As of 2025 end of year estimate, İzmir Province has a total population of 4,504,184 while İzmir city is home to around 3.5 million inhabitants.
Armistice of MudanyaThe Armistice of Mudanya (Turkish: Mudanya Mütarekesi) was an agreement between Turkey (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) and Italy, France, and Britain, signed in the town of Mudanya, in the province of Bursa, on 11 October 1922. The Kingdom of Greece acceded to the armistice on 14 October 1922.
SmyrnaSmyrna (, ; Greek: Σμύρνη, romanized: Smýrnē, or Σμύρνα, Smýrna) was an Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. Since 1930, the city's official name has been İzmir. Two sites of the ancient city are today within İzmir's boundaries.
BalıkesirBalıkesir (Turkish pronunciation:) is a city in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Balıkesir Province, which is also a metropolitan municipality. As of 2022, the population of Balıkesir Province is 1,257,590, of which 314,958 in the city proper (the urban part of the districts Altıeylül and Karesi). Between 1341 and 1922, it was the capital of Karasi.
ManisaManisa (Turkish pronunciation:) is a city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province, lying approximately 40 km northeast of the major city of İzmir. The city forms the urban part of the districts Şehzadeler and Yunusemre, with a population of 385,452 in 2022.
Partition of the Ottoman EmpireThe partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 1918 – 1 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French, and Italian troops in November 1918. The partitioning was planned in several agreements made by the Allied Powers early in the course of World War I, notably the Sykes–Picot Agreement, after the Ottoman Empire had joined Germany to form the Ottoman–German alliance.
Aftermath of World War IThe aftermath of World War I saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.