Satellite navigationUse of satellite signals for navigation or geo-spatial positioning The US Space Force's Global Positioning System was the first global satellite navigation system and the first to be provided as a free global service.
United States Space ForceThe United States Space Force (USSF) is the space service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and was established on 20 December 2019. Part of the United States Department of Defense, it is one of the six armed forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the second independent space force to have been formed, after the Russian Space Forces; together with that of China, it is one of only two still extant.
Satellite navigation deviceA satellite navigation device, also called a satnav device or GPS/GNSS device, uses satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) or other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) to determine the user's geographic coordinates. It may also display the user's position on a map and offer routing directions (as in turn-by-turn navigation).
Korean Air Lines Flight 007Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage. On September 1, 1983, the flight was shot down by a Soviet Sukhoi Su-15 interceptor aircraft. The Boeing 747-230B airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but owing to a navigational mistake made by the crew, the airliner drifted from its planned route and flew through Soviet airspace.
Hyperbolic navigationHyperbolic navigation is a class of radio navigation systems in which a navigation receiver instrument is used to determine location based on the difference in timing of radio waves received from radio navigation beacon transmitters. Such systems rely on the ability of two widely separated stations to broadcast a signal that is highly correlated in time. Typical systems broadcast either short pulses at the same time, or continual signals that are identical in phase.
2nd Navigation Warfare SquadronThe 2nd Navigation Warfare Squadron (2 NWS) is a United States Space Force unit responsible for operating the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite constellation, which provides global navigation, time transfer, and nuclear detonation detection. It is a component of Space Operations Command's Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Integrated Mission Delta (Provisional) and headquartered at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado.
Gulf War1990–1991 conflict in the Middle EastBelligerentsUnited StatesUnited KingdomFranceSaudi ArabiaEgyptKuwaitCoalition:Afghan mujahideenArgentinaAustraliaBahrainBangladeshBelgiumCanada CzechoslovakiaDenmarkGermanyGreeceHondurasHungaryItalyJapanLuxembourgMoroccoNetherlandsNew ZealandSomaliaNorwayOmanPakistanPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaSenegalSierra LeoneSingaporeSouth KoreaSpainSweden SyriaTurkeyUnited Arab Emirates IraqCommanders and leadersGeorge H. W. BushNorman SchwarzkopfChuck HornerMargaret ThatcherKing FahdHosni MubarakSheikh Jaber IIISaddam HusseinAlaa Hussein AliStrength Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems 1,000,000+ soldiers (~600,000 in Kuwait)5,500 tanks700+ aircraft3,000 artillery systemsCasualties and lossesTotal:13,488Coalition:292 killed (147 killed by enemy action, 145 non-hostile deaths)776 wounded (467 wounded in action)31 tanks destroyed/disabled28 Bradley IFVs destroyed/damaged1 M113 APC destroyed2 British Warrior IFVs destroyed1 artillery piece destroyed75 aircraft destroyedKuwait:420 killed12,000 captured≈200 tanks destroyed/captured850+ other armored vehicles destroyed/captured57 aircraft lost8 aircraft captured (Mirage F1s)17 ships sunk, 6 captured Total:175,000–300,000+Iraqi:20,000–50,000 killed75,000+ wounded80,000–175,000 captured3,300 tanks destroyed2,100 APCs destroyed2,200 artillery pieces destroyed110 aircraft destroyed137 aircraft flown to Iran to escape destruction19 ships sunk, 6 damagedKuwaiti civilian losses:Over 1,000 killed600 missing peopleIraqi civilian losses:3,664 killed directlyTotal Iraqi losses (including 1991 Iraqi uprisings): 142,500–206,000 deaths (according to Medact)Other civilian losses: 74 killed in Israel, 230 injured1 killed in Saudi Arabia, 85 injuredPersonalEarly lifeSaddamismFamilyUdayQusayRaghadRanaSajida TalfahRise to power1959 Mosul uprisingRamadan Revolution17 July RevolutionFirst Iraqi–Kurdish WarYom Kippur WarSecond Iraqi–Kurdish War1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict1975 Algiers Agreement1979 Ba'ath Party PurgePresident of IraqIran–Iraq WarInvasion of IranDujail massacreAnfal campaignHalabja massacreInvasion of KuwaitGulf Warmissile attacks IsraelSaudi Arabia1991 Iraqi uprisings1999 Shia uprising2003 invasion of IraqBattle of Baghdadstatue destructionHuman rights recordAl-Qaeda link allegationstimelineWeapons of mass destructionOperation OperaInternational tripsDespositionCaptureInterrogationTrialExecutionreactionsElections1995 presidential referendum2002 presidential referendumNovelsBlood QuranZabibah and the KingThe Fortified CastleMen and the CityBegone, DemonsPersonalFamilyElectoral historyEponymsHonorsBibliographyBush School of GovernmentPoints of LightPost-presidencyDeath and state funeral43rd Vice President of the United StatesTransitionTenureReagan administrationInaugurations firstsecondReagan assassination attemptForeign policyVice presidential campaigns1980electionselectionconventiondebates1984electionconventiondebates41st President of the United StatesPresidencytimelineTransitionInaugurationPresidential libraryTenureThousand points of lightInvasion of PanamaBroccoli commentsGulf WarDecade of the BrainVomiting incidentOperation Restore HopeNAFTAInternational tripsPardonsPoliciesCannabisEnvironmentalForeignAppointmentsFederal judgescontroversiesSupreme Court candidatesThomasPresidential campaigns1980primariesconvention1988electionprimariesconvention"No new taxes"debates1992electionprimariesconventiondebatesThe Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990.
Time and frequency transferTime and frequency transfer is a scheme where multiple sites share a precise reference time or frequency. The technique is commonly used for creating and distributing standard time scales such as International Atomic Time (TAI). Time transfer solves problems such as astronomical observatories correlating observed flashes or other phenomena with each other, as well as cell phone towers coordinating handoffs as a phone moves from one cell to another.
Mission Delta 31Mission Delta 31 (MD31) is a United States Space Force unit responsible for navigation warfare. It was activated on 15 October 2024. HistoryIn September 2023, General B. Chance Saltzman introduced the Integrated Mission Delta (IMD) construct which combines functions, like operations, acquisitions, intelligence, and cyber effects, into specific mission areas, including positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT).
Error analysis for the Global Positioning SystemThe error analysis for the Global Positioning System is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude of error should be expected. The GPS makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects but there are still residual errors which are not corrected. GPS receiver position is computed based on data received from the satellites. Errors depend on geometric dilution of precision and the sources listed in the table below.
GeopositioningGeopositioning is the process of determining or estimating the geographic position of an object or a person. Geopositioning yields a set of geographic coordinates (such as latitude and longitude) in a given map datum. Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly, as a distance in linear referencing or as a bearing and range from a known landmark.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.