Geographic information scienceCartographyComputer cartographyWeb mappingGeochronologyGeographic information systemDistributed GISInternet GISWeb GISGeologic modellingGeomathematicsGeostatisticsGeovisualizationGlobal Positioning SystemHydrographyMap algebraParticipant observationPhotogrammetryRemote SensingStatistical surveySurveyingLand change modelingEthnographyGeopoeticsInterview (research)Survey (human research)
Geographic information systemA geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualizegeographic data. Much of this often happens within a spatial database; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS.ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/GeomaticsISO/TC 211 is a standard technical committee formed within ISO, tasked with covering the areas of digital geographic information (such as used by geographic information systems) and geomatics. It is responsible for preparation of a series of International Standards and Technical Specifications numbered in the number range starting at . The Chair of the committee was 1994-2016: Olaf Østensen; during 2017-2018: Christina Wasström; and from 2019 Agneta Gren Engberg.
Spatial databaseA spatial database is a general-purpose database (usually a relational database) that has been enhanced to include spatial data that represents objects defined in a geometric space, along with tools for querying and analyzing such data. Most spatial databases allow the representation of simple geometric objects such as points, lines and polygons.
EarthThird planet from the SunSurface equivalent doserate0.274 μSv/hAbsolute magnitude (H)−3.99AtmosphereSurface pressure101.325 kPa (at sea level)Composition by volume78.08% nitrogen (dry air)20.95% oxygen (dry air)≤1% water vapor (variable)0.9340% argon0.0430% carbon dioxide0.00182% neon0.00052% helium0.00017% methane0.00011% krypton0.00006% hydrogen Source:Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
Vector graphicsVector graphics are a form of computer graphics in which visual images are created directly from geometric shapes defined on a Cartesian plane, such as points, lines, curves and polygons. The associated mechanisms may include vector display and printing hardware, vector data models and file formats, as well as the software based on these data models (especially graphic design software, computer-aided design, and geographic information systems).
Geometric modelingGeometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes. The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-dimensional (solid figures), although many of its tools and principles can be applied to sets of any finite dimension. Today most geometric modeling is done with computers and for computer-based applications.
Computer-aided designComputer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. This software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software help protect products and inventions when used in patent applications.
Raster graphicsIn computer graphics and digital photography, a raster graphic, raster image, or simply raster is a digital image made up of a rectangular grid of tiny colored (usually square) so-called pixels. Unlike vector graphics which use mathematical formulas to describe shapes and lines, raster images store the exact color of each pixel, making them ideal for photographs and images with complex colors and details.
Geographic coordinate systemA geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.LocationIn geography, location or place is used to denote a region (point, line, or area) on Earth's surface. The term location generally implies a higher degree of certainty than place, the latter often indicating an entity with an ambiguous boundary, relying more on human or social attributes of place identity and sense of place than on geometry. A populated place is called a settlement.GeoreferencingGeoreferencing or georegistration is a type of coordinate transformation that binds a digital raster image or vector database that represents a geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial reference system, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It is thus the geographic form of image registration or image rectification.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.