Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial DNA (mDNA or mtDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from organic compounds into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus, and, in plants and algae, the DNA also is found in plastids, such as chloroplasts.
DNADeoxyribonucleic acid (pronunciation; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids.
Non-coding DNANon-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encodeprotein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, microRNA, piRNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs). Other functional regions of the non-coding DNA fraction include regulatory sequences that control gene expression; scaffold attachment regions; origins of DNA replication; centromeres; and telomeres.
Junk DNAJunk DNA (non-functional DNA) is a DNA sequence that has no known biological function. Most organisms have some junk DNA in their genomes—mostly pseudogenes and fragments of transposons and endogenizedviruses—but it is possible that some organisms have substantial amounts of junk DNA. All protein-coding regions are generally considered to be functional elements in genomes.
EukaryoteDomain of life whose cells have nucleiThe eukaryotes () are cellularorganisms of the domainEukaryota or Eukarya, which have a distinct cell nucleus (formed by a nuclear membrane), membrane-bound organelles and organization supported by a cytoskeleton. Extant eukaryotes are traditionally grouped into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi and protists.
RNA virusAn RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) based genome. The genome can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.
NucleotideNucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acidpolymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver.
RNAFamily of large biological moleculesA hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the nucleobases (green) and the ribose-phosphate backbone (blue). This is a single strand of RNA that folds back upon itself. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
Molecular biologyMolecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins.
GeneticsGenetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time.
Plastid DNAcytochromephotosystem Iacetyl-CoA carboxylaserubiscotRNAstRNAphotosystem IItRNAstRNAsphotosystem IIribosomalproteinstRNAtRNAnadh dehydrogenaseribosomal proteinstRNAreplication origin regionstRNAsmall RNAribosomal proteinreplication origin regionsribosomal RNAtRNAsribosomal RNAtRNAcytochromesphotosystem IIribosomal proteinsphotosystem Icytochromesphotosystem IIatp synthasetRNAsnadh dehydrogenasetRNAribosomal proteinsphotosystem ItRNAsphotosystem IIRNA polymeraseribosomal proteinatp synthasetRNAsribosomal proteintRNAphotosystem IItRNAtRNAribosomal RNAtRNAribosomal RNAtRNAribosomal proteinphotosystem Inadh dehydrogenasetRNAribosomal proteinnadh dehydrogenasetRNAtRNAribosomal proteinsinitiation factor 1ribosomal proteinsRNA polymeraseatp-dependent proteaseribosomal proteinstRNAsnicotiana tabacum · Chloroplast DNA Interactive gene map of chloroplast DNA from Nicotiana tabacum.
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