Caesar's civil warBelligerentsCaesariansMauretaniaPompeiansNumidiaEgyptPontusCommanders and leadersJulius CaesarMark AntonyGaius Scribonius Curio†Gnaeus Domitius CalvinusDecimus Junius BrutusGaius TreboniusGaius RebilusBocchus IIBogudCleopatra VIIPompeyXTitus Labienus†Metellus Scipio‡‡Cato the Younger‡‡Publius Varus†Lucius Domitius†Marcus Bibulus#Lucius Afranius†Marcus Petreius‡‡Juba of Numidia‡‡Gnaeus Pompeius†Sextus PompeyPtolemy XIIIStrength Early 49 BC: 10 legions Early 49 BC: 15 legionsPersonalFamilyWorks Laudatio Iuliae amitaeAnticatoCommentarii de Bello CiviliCommentarii de Bello GallicoDe analogiaPoemsQuotes Alea iacta estVeni, vidi, viciUt est rerum omnium magister ususMilitary campaignsMytileneGallic WarsArarBibracteVosgesAxonaSabisAtuatuciOctodurusMorbihanInvasions of BritainAmbiorix's revoltAvaricumGergoviaAlesiaUxellodunumCivil WarCorfiniumBrundisiumIlerdaDyrrhachiumPharsalusAlexandrian warSiegeBattle of the NileZelaRuspinaCordubaThapsusMundaPlanned invasion of the Parthian EmpireAssassinationIdes of MarchcoinTheatre of PompeyCuria of PompeyLast wordsEt tu, Brute?Caesar's CometLegacyCultural depictionsEponymsLife of CaesarTemple of CaesarCaesarismJulio-Claudian dynastyTitleCrossing the RubiconCaesar's civil war (49–45 BC) occurred during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Julius Caesar and Pompey.
First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate (c. late 60 – 53 BC) was an informal political alliance among three prominent politicians in the late Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar. The republican constitution had many veto points. In order to bypass constitutional obstacles and force through the political goals of the three men, they forged an alliance in secret where they promised to use their respective influence to support each other.
Assassination of Julius CaesarPersonalFamilyWorks Laudatio Iuliae amitaeAnticatoCommentarii de Bello CiviliCommentarii de Bello GallicoDe analogiaPoemsQuotes Alea iacta estVeni, vidi, viciUt est rerum omnium magister ususMilitary campaignsMytileneGallic WarsArarBibracteVosgesAxonaSabisAtuatuciOctodurusMorbihanInvasions of BritainAmbiorix's revoltAvaricumGergoviaAlesiaUxellodunumCivil WarCorfiniumBrundisiumIlerdaDyrrhachiumPharsalusAlexandrian warSiegeBattle of the NileZelaRuspinaCordubaThapsusMundaPlanned invasion of the Parthian EmpireAssassinationIdes of MarchcoinTheatre of PompeyCuria of PompeyLast wordsEt tu, Brute?Caesar's CometLegacyCultural depictionsEponymsLife of CaesarTemple of CaesarCaesarismJulio-Claudian dynastyTitleCrossing the RubiconJulius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March), 44 BC, by a group of senators during a Senate session at the Curia of Pompey, located within the Theatre of Pompey in Rome.
PompeyGnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Latin: [ˈŋnae̯.ʊs pomˈpejʊs ˈmaŋnʊs]; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey ( POM-pee) or Pompey the Great, was a Roman general and statesman who was prominent in the final decades of the Roman Republic. As a young man, he was a partisan and protégé of the dictator Sulla, after whose death he achieved significant military and political success.
Crisis of the Roman RepublicThe crisis of the Roman Republic was an extended period of political instability and social unrest from about c. 133 BC to 30 BC that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire.
Gallic WarsBelligerentsRoman RepublicAllied Gauls and GermaniGaulsGermaniBritonsAquitaniand others...Commanders and leadersJulius CaesarTitus LabienusMarcus AntoniusQuintus Tullius CiceroPublius Licinius CrassusDecimus Brutus AlbinusGaius TreboniusServius Sulpicius GalbaGaius Caninius RebilusLucius Munatius PlancusLucius Roscius FabatusQuintus Titurius Sabinus†Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta†TasgetiusXAegusRoscillusVercingetorixVercassivellaunosCamulogenus†Sedullos†LitaviccusAmbiorixCativolcus‡‡Indutiomarus†CommiusAriovistusBoduognatus†CassivellaunusViridovixAccoDumnacusCorreus†LucteriusStrengthModern estimates:58 BC: 6 legions (understrength, 24–30,000 troops, including cavalry auxiliaries)57 BC: 8 legions (32–40,000 troops)55 BC: 2 legions (~10,000 troops) in Britain, the rest left on the continent54 BC: 5 legions (~25,000 troops) & 2,000 auxiliaries in Britain53 BC: 10 legions (40–50,000 troops)52 BC: 11 legions & 10,000+ auxiliaries, 60–75,000 troops total by the siege of AlesiaModern estimates:58 BC: 20,000–50,000, of which 8,000 or more were civilians52 BC: 180,000 Gallic combatants at AlesiaCasualties and losses 40,000+ (credible estimate)30,000+ killed10,000+ woundedPlutarch and Appian:1,000,000 Celts killed in battle1,000,000+ Celts captured or enslaved800 villages destroyedJulius Caesar:430,000 Germani killedAll contemporary numbers are considered not credible by HenigeThe Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland), Britain and Germania.
Roman RepublicPeriod of Roman history (c. 509 – 27 BC) Roman RepublicRes publica Romanac.
Marcus Licinius CrassusMarcus Licinius Crassus (; 115–53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Often called "the richest man in Rome", Crassus began his public career as a military commander under Lucius Cornelius Sulla during his civil war. Following Sulla's assumption of the dictatorship, Crassus amassed an enormous fortune through property speculation.
Roman dictatorSenatePrinceps senatusSenatus consultumSenatus consultum ultimumAssembliesCuriateCenturiateTribalPlebeianElectionsContionesPublic law and normsOther countriesA Roman dictator was an extraordinary magistrate of the Roman Republic, endowed with full authority to resolve some specific problem to which he had been assigned.
Dictator perpetuoPersonalFamilyWorks Laudatio Iuliae amitaeAnticatoCommentarii de Bello CiviliCommentarii de Bello GallicoDe analogiaPoemsQuotes Alea iacta estVeni, vidi, viciUt est rerum omnium magister ususMilitary campaignsMytileneGallic WarsArarBibracteVosgesAxonaSabisAtuatuciOctodurusMorbihanInvasions of BritainAmbiorix's revoltAvaricumGergoviaAlesiaUxellodunumCivil WarCorfiniumBrundisiumIlerdaDyrrhachiumPharsalusAlexandrian warSiegeBattle of the NileZelaRuspinaCordubaThapsusMundaPlanned invasion of the Parthian EmpireAssassinationIdes of MarchcoinTheatre of PompeyCuria of PompeyLast wordsEt tu, Brute?Caesar's CometLegacyCultural depictionsEponymsLife of CaesarTemple of CaesarCaesarismJulio-Claudian dynastyTitleCrossing the RubiconDictator perpetuo (English: "dictator in perpetuity"), also called dictator in perpetuum, was the office Julius Caesar held at the end of his life.
Roman Empire27 BC–476/1453 AD state and civilizationPolitical institutions of ancient RomeVarious lists regarding the political institutions of ancient Rome are presented. Each entry in a list is a link to a separate article. Categories included are: laws (5), and legislatures (7); state offices (40) and office holders (6 lists); political factions (2 + 1 conflict) and social ranks (8). A political glossary (38) of similar construction follows.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.