Bulgarian Declaration of IndependenceThe de jureindependence of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Независимост на България, romanized: Nezavisimost na Bǎlgariya) from the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed on 5 October [O.S. 22 September] 1908 in the old capital of Tarnovo by Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, who afterwards took the title "Tsar". BackgroundBulgaria had been a widely autonomous principality since 13 July 1878 Congress of Berlin and the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78).
Saxe-Coburg and GothaSaxe-Coburg and Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha), or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha [ˈzaksn̩ ˈkoːbʊʁk ˈɡoːta]), was an Ernestine duchy in Thuringia ruled by a branch of the House of Wettin, consisting of territories in the present-day states of Thuringia and Bavaria in Germany. It lasted from 1826 to 1918. In November 1918, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was forced to abdicate.
Kingdom of BulgariaThe Tsardom of Bulgaria, also known as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, commonly known in English as the Kingdom of Bulgaria, or simply Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October [O.S. 22 September] 1908, when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a tsardom.
Queen VictoriaVictoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days, which was longer than those of any of her predecessors, constituted the Victorian era, a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire, also known historically as Turkey or the Turkish Empire, was a state that spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centred in modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Balkan WarsBelligerentsFirst Balkan War:Ottoman EmpireFirst Balkan War:BulgariaSerbiaGreeceMontenegroSecond Balkan War:BulgariaSecond Balkan War:SerbiaRomaniaGreeceMontenegroOttoman EmpireCommanders and leadersMehmed VMahmud Şevket PashaXEnver PashaNazım PashaZeki PashaAbdul Kerim PashaKölemen Abdullah PashaHasan Tahsin PashaRauf PashaFerdinand IMihail SavovVasil KutinchevNikola IvanovRadko DimitrievStiliyan KovachevFerdinand IMihail SavovVasil KutinchevNikola IvanovRadko DimitrievRadomir PutnikPetar BojovićStepa StepanovićEleftherios VenizelosCrown Prince ConstantinePavlos KountouriotisNicholas IPrince Danilo PetrovićRadomir PutnikPetar BojovićStepa StepanovićEleftherios VenizelosCrown Prince ConstantinePavlos KountouriotisNicholas IPrince Danilo PetrovićCarol IFerdinand IAlexandru AverescuMehmed VEnver PashaAhmed Izzet PashaStrength 437,000+ 600,000+ 450,000+ 230,000 125,000 44,500Total:850,000 men 348,000 330,000 255,000 148,000 12,800 Total:1,093,800 men 632,000–1,500,000 Ottoman Muslim civilian deaths 400,000–813,000 Ottoman Muslim refugees c. 120,000–270,000Albanian civilians killed 60,000–300,000 Albanians deported from Old Serbia 200,000 East Thracian Bulgarians killed or expelledThe Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913.
World War IGlobal conflict from 1914 to 1918BelligerentsAllied Powers: France United Kingdom and Empire:Australia Canada Ceylon EgyptNewfoundlandNew Zealand India South Africa Russia (until 1917) Italy (from 1915) United States(from 1917) Japanand others ...Central Powers: GermanyAustria-HungaryOttoman Empire Bulgaria (from 1915)and others ...Commanders and leadersCasualties and losses 15–22 million deaths (military and civilian)World War I, or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.ViennaCapital and largest city of AustriaPlace in AustriaVienna ( ; German: Wien; Austro-Bavarian: Wean) is the capital, most populous city, and one of the nine states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. Its larger metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.9 million, representing nearly one-third of the country's population.
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-SeineThe Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (French: Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine; Bulgarian: Ньойски договор, romanized: Noĭski dogovor) was a treaty between the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand, and Bulgaria, one of the defeated Central Powers in World War I, on the other. The treaty required Bulgaria to cede various territories. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919, in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the Hauts-de-Seine department, just west of Paris in France.
List of Bulgarian monarchsThe monarchs of Bulgaria ruled Bulgaria during the medieval First (c. 681–1018) and Second (1185–1396) Bulgarian empires, as well as during the modern Principality (1878–1908) and Tsardom (Kingdom) (1908–1946) of Bulgaria. This list includes monarchs from the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire until modern times, omitting earlier mythical rulers as well as rulers of separate states such as Old Great Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria.
Princess Clémentine of OrléansPrincess Clémentine of Orléans (French: Marie Clémentine Léopoldine Caroline Clotilde d'Orléans; 3 June 1817 – 16 February 1907) was the sixth child and youngest daughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French and Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies. She was the mother of Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.