SkullThe skull, or cranium, is typically a bony enclosure around the brain of a vertebrate. In some fish and amphibians, the skull is of cartilage. The skull is at the head end of the vertebrate. In a human, the skull comprises two prominent parts: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton, which evolved from the first pharyngeal arch.
NeurocraniumIn human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, brain-pan, or brainbox, is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton. In comparative anatomy, neurocranium is sometimes used synonymously with endocranium or chondrocranium.
FaceThe face is "the front part of the head of a human or other animal, featuring the eyes, nose and mouth, and the surrounding area."
Lacrimal boneThe lacrimal bones are two small and fragile bones of the facial skeleton; in humans, they are roughly the size of the little fingernail and situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. They each have two surfaces and four borders. Several bony landmarks of the lacrimal bones function in the process of lacrimation. Specifically, the lacrimal bones help form the nasolacrimal canal necessary for tear translocation.
Nasal boneThe nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the upper one third of the nose. In humans, each has two surfaces and four borders. StructureThere is heavy variation in the structure of the nasal bones, accounting for the differences in sizes and shapes of the nose seen across different people.
DermatocraniumThe dermatocranium is the portion of the vertebrateskull that is composed of dermal bone, as opposed to the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium, which are composed of endochondral bone. Bones of the dermatocranium originate from integumentary bony armour in the earliest fishes, only later fusing to the endochondral skull bones. The dermatocranium comprises the skull roof, the facial skeleton, and—in fishes—the opercular bones.
SplanchnocraniumThe splanchnocranium (or visceral skeleton) is the portion of the cranium that is derived from pharyngeal arches. Splanchno indicates to the gut because the face forms around the mouth, which is an end of the gut. The splanchnocranium consists of cartilage and endochondral bone. In mammals, the splanchnocranium comprises the three ear ossicles (i.e., incus, malleus, and stapes), as well as the alisphenoid, the styloid process, the hyoid apparatus, and the thyroid cartilage.
Palatine boneIn anatomy, the palatine bones (; derived from the Latin palatum) are two irregular bones of the facial skeleton in many animal species, located above the uvula in the throat. Together with the maxilla, they comprise the hard palate. StructureThe palatine bones are situated at the back of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
MandibleIn jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latinmandibula, 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lower – and typically more mobile – component of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla). The jawbone is the skull's only movable, posable bone, sharing joints with the cranium's temporal bones. The mandible hosts the lower teeth (their depth delineated by the alveolar process).
Inferior nasal conchaThe inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll, (turbinate meaning inverted cone). The inferior nasal conchae are considered a pair of facial bones.
Zygomatic boneIn the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from Ancient Greek: ζῠγόν, romanized: zugón, lit.'yoke'), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone, situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forming part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.