Ancestral sequence reconstructionAncestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) – also known as ancestral gene/sequence reconstruction/resurrection – is a technique used in the study of molecular evolution. The method uses related sequences to reconstruct an "ancestral" gene from a multiple sequence alignment. The method can be used to 'resurrect' ancestral proteins and was suggested in 1963 by Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.
Directed evolutionDirected evolution (DE) is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural evolution to steer proteins or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal. It consists of subjecting a gene to iterative rounds of mutagenesis (creating a library of variants), selection (expressing those variants and isolating members with the desired function) and amplification (generating a template for the next round).
HydrolaseIn biochemistry, hydrolases constitute a class of enzymes that commonly function as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond: A−B+H2O→hydrolaseA−OH+B−H{\displaystyle {\ce {A-B + H2O}}\quad {\xrightarrow[{\text{ }}]{hydrolase}}\quad {\ce {A-OH + B-H}}}This typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules.
Michaelis–Menten kineticsIn biochemistry, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, is the simplest case of enzyme kinetics, applied to enzyme-catalysed reactions involving the transformation of one substrate into one product. In 1913, Michaelis and Menten expanded on Victor Henri's fundamental equation of enzyme kinetics, which was established in 1902.
EnzymeLarge biological molecule that acts as a catalystThe enzyme glucosidase converts the sugar maltose into two glucose sugars. Active site residues in red, maltose substrate in black, and NADcofactor in yellow. (PDB: 1OBB)An enzyme is a biological macromolecule, usually a protein, that acts as a biological catalyst, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
PseudomonasPseudomonas is a genus of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The 348 members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a wide range of niches and hosts.
BioremediationProcess used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil Part of a series onPollutionAir pollution from a factory Air Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Combustion Exhaust gas Haze Household air pollution Global dimming Global distillation Indoor air quality Non-exhaust emissions Ozone depletion Particulate matter Persistent organic pollutant Smog Soot Volatile organic compound Biological Biological hazard Genetic Illegal logging Introduced species Invasive species Digital Information Effects of violence in mass media Electromagnetic Light Ecological Overillumination Radio spectrum Natural Ozone Radium and radon in the environment Volcanic ash Wildfire Noise Transportation Health effects from noise Marine mammals and sonar Noise barrier Noise control Soundproofing Radiation Actinides Bioremediation Depleted uranium Nuclear fission Nuclear fallout Plutonium Poisoning Radioactivity Uranium Radioactive waste Soil Agricultural Land degradation Bioremediation Defecation Electrical resistance heating Illegal mining Soil guideline values Phytoremediation Solid waste Advertising mail Biodegradable waste Brown waste Electronic waste Food waste Green waste Hazardous waste Industrial waste Landfill Litter Mining Municipal solid waste Nanomaterials Plastic Packaging waste Post-consumer waste Waste management Space Space debris Thermal Urban heat island Visual Air travel Advertising clutter Overhead power lines Traffic signs Urban blight Vandalism War Chemical warfare Herbicidal warfare Agent Orange Nuclear holocaust Nuclear fallout Nuclear famine Nuclear winter Scorched earth Unexploded ordnance War and environmental law Water Agricultural wastewater Biosolids Diseases Eutrophication Firewater Freshwater Groundwater Hypoxia Industrial wastewater Marine Monitoring Nonpoint source Nutrient Ocean acidification Oil spill Pharmaceuticals Freshwater salinization Septic tanks Sewage Shipping Sludge Stagnation Sulfur water Surface runoff Turbidity Urban runoff Water quality Wastewater Topics History Pollutants Heavy metals Paint Misc Area source Brain health and pollution Debris Dust Garbology Legacy Midden Point source Technofossil Waste Toxic Lists Diseases Law by country Most polluted cities Least polluted cities by PM2.5 Treaties Most polluted rivers Categories By country Environment portal Ecology portalvte Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, fuel gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings.Evolution by gene duplicationEvolution by gene duplication is an event by which a gene or part of a gene can have two identical copies that can not be distinguished from each other. This phenomenon is understood to be an important source of novelty in evolution, providing for an expanded repertoire of molecular activities.
MelamineNames Preferred IUPAC name1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamineOther names 2,4,6-Triamino-s-triazineCyanurotriamideCyanurotriamineCyanuramideIdentifiers CAS Number108-78-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:27915ChemSpider7667ECHA InfoCard100.003.288KEGGC08737PubChemCID7955UNIIN3GP2YSD88CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID6020802InChIInChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9)Key: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9)Key: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYAFSMILESNc1nc(N)nc(N)n1Properties Chemical formulaC3H6N6Molar mass126.123 g·mol Appearance White solid Density1.573 g/cm Melting point343 °C (649 °F; 616 K) (decomposition) Boiling pointSublimes Solubility in water3240 mg/ L (20 °C) Solubilityvery slightly soluble in hot alcohol, benzene, glycerol, pyridine insoluble in ether, benzene, CCl4log P−1.37 Acidity (pKa) 5.0 (conjugated acid) Basicity (pKb) 9.0 Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−61.8·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.872 Structure Crystal structureMonoclinic Thermochemistry Std enthalpy ofcombustion(ΔcH298)−1967 kJ/mol Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH351, H373Precautionary statementsP203, P260, P280, P318, P319, P405, P501Autoignitiontemperature500 °C (932 °F; 773 K) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)3850 mg/kg (rat, oral) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Nverify ( ?)
AtrazineAtrazine ( A-trə-zeen) is a chlorinated herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent pre-emergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn), soybean and sugarcane, and also in turf landscaping, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Its use significantly increases crop yields.
DeaminationDeamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases. In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver; however, it can also occur in the kidney. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.