Elasticity (physics)Physical property when materials or objects return to original shape after deformation In continuum mechanics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal.
Plasticity (physics)Non-reversible deformation of a solid material in response to applied forces Stress–strain curve showing typical yield behavior for nonferrous alloys (stress, σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , shown as a function of strain, ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } ): True elastic limitProportionality limitElastic limitOffset yield strength (viewtalkedit) A stress–strain curve typical of structural steel: Ultimate strengthYield strength (yield point)RuptureStrain hardening regionNecking region Apparent stress (F/A0)Actual stress (F/A) (viewtalkedit) In physics and materials science, plasticity (also known as plastic deformation) is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces.Stress (mechanics)Physical quantity that expresses internal forces in a continuous material StressResidual stresses inside a plastic protractor are revealed by polarized light.Common symbolsσSI unitpascalOther unitspsi, barIn SI base unitsPa = kg⋅m−1⋅s−2Dimension L − 1 M T − 2 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{-1}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}} In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation.
Young's modulusYoung's modulus (or the Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise. It is the elastic modulus for tension or axial compression. Young's modulus is defined as the quotient of the stress (force per unit area) applied to the object and the resulting axial strain (a dimensionless quantity that quantifies relative deformation) in the linear elastic region of the material.
ConcreteConcrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid. It is the second-most-used substance (after water), the most widely used building material, and the most-manufactured material in the world. Cement-bound concrete differs from the less rigid, less durable asphaltic concrete, which has a bituminous binder.
StiffnessStiffness or rigidity is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force. The inverse of stiffness is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is. Other terms with related meanings are compliance and elasticity. CalculationsThe stiffness, k,{\displaystyle k,} of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation.
ForceInfluence that can change motion of an objectIn physics, a force is an action that can cause an object to change its velocity or its shape, or to resist other forces, or to cause changes of pressure in a fluid. In mechanics, force makes ideas like pushing or pulling mathematically precise. Because the magnitude and direction of a force are both important, force is a vector quantity (force vector).
Deformation (physics)In physics and continuum mechanics, deformation is the change in the shape or size of an object. It has dimension of length with SI unit of metre (m). It is quantified as the residual displacement of particles in a non-rigid body, from an initial configuration to a final configuration, excluding the body's average translation and rotation (its rigid transformation). A configuration is a set containing the positions of all particles of the body.
EngineeringEngineering is the practice of systematically applying natural science and mathematics to design and improve systems. The traditional disciplines of engineering are civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical. The academic discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized subfields, and each can have a more specific emphasis for applications of mathematics and science.
Rigid bodyThe position of a rigid body is determined by the position of its center of mass and by its attitude (at least six parameters in total).In classical mechanics, a rigid body, also known as a rigid object, is a solidbody in which deformation is zero or negligible, when a deforming pressure or deforming force is applied on it. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it.
SizeSize in general is the magnitude or dimensions of a thing. More specifically, geometrical size (or spatial size) can refer to three geometrical measures: length, area, or volume. Length can be generalized to other linear dimensions (width, height, diameter, perimeter). Size can also be measured in terms of mass, especially when assuming a density range. In mathematical terms, "size is a concept abstracted from the process of measuring by comparing a longer to a shorter".
ShapeA shape is a graphical representation of an object's form or its external boundary, outline, or external surface. It is distinct from other object properties, such as color, texture, or material type. In geometry, shape excludes information about the object's position, size, orientation and chirality. A figure is a representation including both shape and size (as in, e.g., figure of the Earth).*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.