The directorial or executive council system is a political system in which executive power is held directly by a collegial body, typically called a council, directory, or cabinet, with no single head of government. The system was pioneered by the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution and the French Directory, which ended the Reign of Terror. It has since been used by the Swiss Confederation as part of the 1848 Swiss Constitution, adopted after the Sonderbund War.
