Qiang (historical people)The Qiang (Chinese: 羌; pinyin: Qiāng; Wade–Giles: Ch'iang) were a group of primarily Sino-Tibetan peoples who historically inhabited parts of western China. They are generally believed to have been Tibeto-Burman speakers, though few have also suggested that they were Indo-European. The Qiang were first mentioned in oracle bone inscriptions dating back to the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1046 BC).
GansuTibetan nameTibetanཀན་སུའུ་ཞིང་ཆེན།Mongolian nameMongolian CyrillicГаньсү мужMongolian scriptᠭᠠᠨᠰᠤ ᠮᠤᠵᠢUyghur nameUyghurگەنسۇ ئۆلكىسىKazakh nameKazakhگانسۋ ولكەسىГаньсу өлкесіGansu ölkesiGansu is a province in Northwestern China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeastern part of the province.
ShaanxiShaanxi is a province in Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north; Shanxi and Henan to the east; Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south; and Gansu and Ningxia to the west. Shaanxi covers an area of over 205,000 km (79,000 sq mi) with about 37 million people, the 16th-largest in China.
Five BarbariansChinese historical exonym The Five Barbarians, or Wu Hu (Chinese: 五胡; pinyin: Wǔ Hú), is a Chinese historical exonym for five ancient non-Han "Hu" peoples who immigrated to northern China in the Eastern Han dynasty, and then overthrew the Western Jin dynasty and established their own kingdoms in the 4th–5th centuries. The peoples categorized as the Five Barbarians were the Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Qiang and Di.
Old ChineseOldest attested stage of ChineseThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see .Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese.
Chinese languageChinese (spoken: simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語; pinyin: Hànyǔ, written: 中文; Zhōngwén) is a collection of language varieties containing almost all Sinitic languages except Macro-Bai languages, natively spoken by the Han Chinese and some ethnic minorities in Greater China, as well as by communities of the overseas Chinese.
Eastern Han ChineseEastern Han Chinese, or Later Han Chinese, is the stage of the Chinese language attested in poetry and glosses from the Eastern Han period (1st–3rd centuries AD). It is considered an intermediate stage between Old Chinese and the Middle Chinese of the 7th-century Qieyun rime dictionary. Min varieties are thought to be descended from southeastern dialects of this period.Sixteen KingdomsPeriod of Chinese history from 304 to 439
Zhou dynastyChinese dynasty from c. 1046 to 256 BCReconstructions of Old ChineseAlthough Old Chinese is known from written records beginning around 1200 BC, the logographic script provides much more indirect and partial information about the pronunciation of the language than alphabetic systems used elsewhere. Several authors have produced reconstructions of Old Chinese phonology, beginning with the Swedish sinologist Bernhard Karlgren in the 1940s and continuing to the present day.
PinyinScheme for the Chinese Phonetic AlphabetSimplified ChineseTraditional ChineseLiteral meaningscheme of spelled Han language sounds This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see .BeidiThe Di or Beidi (Northern Di) were various ethnic groups who lived north of the Chinese (Huaxia) realms during the Zhou dynasty. Although initially described as nomadic, they seem to have practiced a mixed pastoral, agricultural, and hunting economy and were distinguished from the nomads of the Eurasian steppe who lived to their north.Wade–GilesWade–Giles is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language and the second most common transcription after Pinyin. Based on the Beijing dialect, Wade–Giles was developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892). It became the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century.
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