CrystallizationProcess by which a solid with a highly organized structure forms Crystallization is a process that leads to solids with a uniform pattern of atoms or molecules, i.e. a crystal. The uniform nature of a crystalline solid can be contrasted with amorphous solids in which atoms or molecules lack regular organization. Crystallization can occur by various routes including precipitation from solution, freezing of a liquid, or deposition from a gas.
NucleationInitial step in the phase transition or molecular self-assembly of a substance In thermodynamics, nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or structure via self-assembly or self-organisation within a substance or mixture. Nucleation is typically defined as the process that determines how long an observer must wait before a new phase or self-organised structure appears.
LiquidState of matter The formation of a spherical droplet of liquid water minimizes the surface area, which is the natural result of surface tension in liquids.
Young's modulusYoung's modulus (or the Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise. It is the elastic modulus for tension or axial compression. Young's modulus is defined as the quotient of the stress (force per unit area) applied to the object and the resulting axial strain (a dimensionless quantity that quantifies relative deformation) in the linear elastic region of the material.
State of matterIn physics, a state of matter or phase of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Different states are distinguished by the ways the component particles (atoms, molecules, ions and electrons) are arranged, and how they behave collectively. In a solid, the particles are tightly packed and held in fixed positions, giving the material a definite shape and volume.
Structural rigidityIn discrete geometry and mechanics, structural rigidity is a combinatorial theory for predicting the flexibility of ensembles formed by rigid bodies connected by flexible linkages or hinges. DefinitionsRigidity is the property of a structure that it does not bend or flex under an applied force. The opposite of rigidity is flexibility.Elasticity (physics)In continuum mechanics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal. This is in contrast to plasticity, in which the object fails to do so and instead remains in its deformed state.
PolymerIUPAC definitionA polymer is a substance composed of macromolecules. A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Shear modulusIn solid mechanics, the shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain: G := τ x y γ x y = F A Δ x l = F l A Δ x τ x y = F A γ x y = Δ x l {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}G&:={\frac {\tau _{xy}}{\gamma _{xy}}}={\frac {\frac {F}{A}}{\frac {\Delta x}{l}}}={\frac {Fl}{A\Delta x}}\\\tau _{xy}&={\frac {F}{A}}\\\gamma _{xy}&={\frac {\Delta x}{l}}\end{aligned}}} where τ x y {\textstyle \tau _{xy}} is the shear stress, γ x y {\textstyle \gamma _{xy}} is the shear strain, F {\textstyle F} is the force, A {\textstyle A} is the area, Δ x {\textstyle \Delta x} is the traverse displacement, l {\textstyle l} is the initial length or height.FluidIn physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
SpaceSpace is a three-dimensional continuum containing positions and directions. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three lineardimensions. Modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensionalcontinuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe.
Deformation (engineering)Compressive stress results in deformation which shortens the object but also expands it outwards.In engineering, deformation is the change in size or shape of an object when subjected to force, and may be elastic or plastic depending on whether the deformation is reversible when the actuating force is removed. An object's intrinsic resistance to deformation is known as its stiffness or rigidity.
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