Odds ratioAn odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to symmetry, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds of B occurring in the presence of A, and the odds of B in the absence of A. Two events are independent if and only if the OR equals 1, i.e., the odds of one event are the same in either the presence or absence of the other event.Kendall rank correlation coefficientIn statistics, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, commonly referred to as Kendall's τ coefficient (after the Greek letter τ, tau), is a statistic used to measure the ordinal association between two measured quantities. A τ test is a non-parametric hypothesis test for statistical dependence based on the τ coefficient. It is a measure of rank correlation: the similarity of the orderings of the data when ranked by each of the quantities.
Pivot tableA pivot table is a table of values which are aggregations of groups of individual values from a more extensive table (such as from a database, spreadsheet, or business intelligence program) within one or more discrete categories. The aggregations or summaries of the groups of the individual terms might include sums, averages, counts, or other statistics. A pivot table is the outcome of the statistical processing of tabularized raw data and can be used for decision-making.Frequency (statistics)In statistics, the frequency or absolute frequency of an event i {\displaystyle i} is the number n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} of times the observation has occurred or been recorded in an experiment or study. The relative frequency is the ratio of absolute frequency to the sample size. The cumulative frequency is the total of the absolute frequencies of all events at or below a certain point in an ordered list of events.
Multivariate statisticsMultivariate statistics is a subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable, i.e., multivariate random variables. Multivariate statistics concerns understanding the different aims and background of each of the different forms of multivariate analysis, and how they relate to each other.
StatisticsStudy of collection and analysis of dataThe normal distribution, a very common probability density, is used extensively in inferential statistics.Scatter plots and line charts are used in descriptive statistics to show the observed relationships between different variables, here using the Iris flower data set.Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig.
Matrix (mathematics)Array of numbersAn m × n matrix: the m rows are horizontal and the n columns are vertical. Each element of a matrix is often denoted by a variable with two subscripts.
Table (format)A table is a two-dimensional arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in communication, research, and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables vary depending on the context.
Conditional independenceIn probability theory, conditional independence describes situations in which an observation is irrelevant or redundant when evaluating the certainty of a hypothesis. It is the opposite of conditional dependence. Conditional independence is usually formulated in terms of conditional probability, as a special case where the probability of the hypothesis given the uninformative observation is equal to the probability without.
Information theoryScientific study of digital informationInformation theory is the mathematical study of the quantification, storage, and communication of a particular type of mathematically defined information. The field was established and formalized by Claude Shannon in the 1940s, though early contributions were made in the 1920s through the works of Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley.
Worshipful Company of DrapersThe Worshipful Company of Drapers is one of the 114 livery companies of the City of London, formally styled The Master and Wardens and Brethren and Sisters of the Guild or Fraternity of the Blessed Mary the Virgin of the Mystery of Drapers of the City of London. More usually known simply as The Drapers' Company, it is one of the historic Great Twelve Livery Companies and was founded during the Middle Ages.
Karl PearsonKarl Pearson (; 27 March 1857 – 27 April 1936) was an English biostatistician and mathematician. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics. He founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London in 1911, and contributed significantly to the field of biometrics. Pearson was also a proponent of Social Darwinism and eugenics, and his thought is an example of what is today described as scientific racism.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.