Conseil du roiThe Conseil du roi (French pronunciation:; 'King's Council'), also known as the Royal Council, is a general term for the administrative and governmental apparatus around the King of France during the Ancien Régime designed to prepare his decisions and to advise him. It should not be confused with the role and title of a "Conseil du Roi", a type of public prosecutor in the French legal system at the same period.
Administrative courtAn administrative court is a type of specialized court on administrative law, particularly disputes concerning the exercise of public power. Their role is to ascertain that official acts are consistent with the law. Such courts are usually considered separate from ordinary courts. The administrative acts are recognized from the hallmark that they become binding without the consent of the other involved parties.
Institut national du service publicThe Institut national du service public (INSP; English: National Institute of Public Service) is a grande école based in Strasbourg, France. It is dedicated to the recruitment, initial training and continuing training of senior executives and civil servants of the state. It was created on 1 January 2022 to replace the École nationale d'administration (ENA), which was abolished on 31 December 2021 by French President Emmanuel Macron.French civil serviceThe French civil service (French: Fonction publique française) is the set of civil servants (fonctionnaires) working the Government of France. Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants; however, the media often incorrectly equate "government employee" or "employee of a public corporation" with fonctionnaire.Jurisdictional dualism in FranceJurisdictional dualism in France is the separation of the French court system into two separate divisions, or "ordres", as they are called in French: the ordinary courts (ordre judiciaire), and the administrative courts (ordre administratif). The ordinary courts, also known as the judiciary order, handle criminal and civil cases, while the administrative courts handle disputes between individuals and the government.
Grands corps de l'ÉtatThe grands corps de l'État (French pronunciation:; English: Grand Corps of the French State) are a feature of the French state as envisaged in the reforms of Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Some of these grands corps date back to the reign of Louis XV, in the 18th century, but most originated or were given their modern form during the reign of Napoleon.
NapoleonEmperor of the French (1804–1814; 1815)BornNapoleone di Buonaparte(1769-08-15)15 August 1769Ajaccio, Corsica, FranceDied5 May 1821(1821-05-05) (aged 51)Longwood, Saint HelenaBurial15 December 1840Les Invalides, Paris, FranceSpousesJoséphine de Beauharnais (m. 1796; ann. 1810)Marie Louise of Austria (m. 1810; sep.
École nationale d'administrationThe École nationale d'administration (French pronunciation:; ENA; English: National School of Administration) was a French grande école, created in 1945 by the then provisional chief of governmentCharles de Gaulle and principal co-author of the 1958 ConstitutionMichel Debré, to democratize access to the senior civil service.
Supreme courtIn most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are binding on all other courts in a nation and are not subject to further review by any other court.Executive (government)The executive is the part of the government that executes or enforces the law and policy of a government. It is typically organized as a branch of government, though in other systems of government like absolute monarchies the executive serves as the organ of a unified state apparatus centered on a singular constitutional authority (ie, the monarch).
Palais-RoyalThe Palais-Royal (French: [pa.lɛ ʁwa.jal]) is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Cardinal, it was built for Cardinal Richelieu from about 1633 to 1639 by architect Jacques Lemercier. Richelieu bequeathed it to Louis XIII, before Louis XIV gave it to his younger brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans.
ParisParis is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated city population of 2.04 million in an area of 105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi), as of January 2026, and a metropolitan population of 13.3 million (2023). Located on the Seine in the centre of the Île-de-France region, it is the largest metropolitan area and fourth-most populous city in the European Union (EU). Paris is nicknamed the "City of Light" mainly due to its leading role in the Age of Enlightenment.
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