CognitionCognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitive processes are a fundamental part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world. Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function.
Executive functionsCognitive processes necessary for control of behaviorIn cognitive science and neuropsychology, executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive processes that support goal-directed behavior, by regulating thoughts and actions through cognitive control, selecting and successfully monitoring actions that facilitate the attainment of chosen objectives.
Neuropsychological assessmentTesting to identify brain impairments, their severity & location Part of a series onNeuropsychology Approaches Comparative neuropsychology Cognitive neuropsychology/Cognitive neuroscience Neuropsychoanalysis Developmental neuropsychology Topics Neural substrate and Dissociation Brain regions Functional specialization Latelarization Left-brain interpreter Neural circuits Neuroplasticity Brain mapping Models of consciousness Mental processes Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Natural language Learning Memory Motor coordination Perception Planning Problem solving Thought Clinical neuropsychology(assesment • rehabilitation) Brain injury Neurodegenerative disease Neurodevelopmental disorder Neuropsychological tests Neuroimaging Electrophysiology Cognitive rehabilitation therapy Neuropsychological tests Benton Visual Retention Test Continuous Performance Task Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Mini–mental state examination Rey–Osterrieth complex figure Stroop Test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Wisconsin Card Sorting Task People Alan Baddeley Arthur L. Benton David Bohm Antonio Damasio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Patricia Goldman-Rakic Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Eric Kandel Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Pasko Rakic Oliver Sacks Mark Rosenzweig Roger W. Sperry Hans-Lukas Teuber Henry Molaison ("H.M.", patient) K.C. (patient) Psychology portal Philosophy portal Medicine portalvte Over the past three millennia, scholars have attempted to establish connections between localized brain damage and corresponding behavioral changes.
Intellectual disabilityGeneralized neurodevelopmental disorderMedical conditionIntellectual disability, also disorder of intellectual development and known as learning difficulty (in the United Kingdom and different from learning disability), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning. Intellectual disabilities may first be apparent during school age.
DyslexiaDyslexia, also known as word blindness, is a learning disability that affects either reading, writing, or speaking. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Often these difficulties are first noticed at school.
Alcohol (drug)Clinical dataPronunciationOther namesAbsolute alcohol; alcohol (USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia); cologne spirit; drinking alcohol; ethanol (JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name); ethylic alcohol; EtOH; ethyl alcohol; ethyl hydrate; ethyl hydroxide; ethylol; grain alcohol; hydroxyethane; methylcarbinolPregnancycategoryX (Contraindicated in pregnancy)DependenceliabilityModerateAddictionliabilityModerate (10–15%)Routes ofadministrationCommon: By mouthUncommon: Inhalation, ophthalmic, insufflation, rectal, injectionDrug classDepressant; anxiolytic; analgesic; euphoriant; sedative; emetic; diuretic; general anestheticATC codeV03AZ01 (WHO) Legal statusLegal statusAU: UnscheduledBR:UnscheduledCA: UnscheduledDE: UnscheduledNZ: UnscheduledUK:General sales list (GSL, OTC)US: UnscheduledUN: UnscheduledSE: Age-restricted In general: Legal for recreational use, except in Muslim countries of the Middle East and parts of North Africa and South AsiaPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability80%+Protein bindingWeakly or not at allMetabolismLiver (90%):• Alcohol dehydrogenase• MEOS (CYP2E1)MetabolitesAcetaldehyde; acetic acid; acetyl-CoA; carbon dioxide; water; ethyl glucuronide; ethyl sulfateOnset of actionPeak concentrations:• Range: 30–90 minutes• Mean: 45–60 minutes• Fasting: 30 minutesElimination half-lifeConstant-rate elimination at typical concentrations:• Range: 10–34 mg/dL/hour• Mean: 15-18 mg/dL/hrAt very high concentrations (t1/2): 4.0–4.5 hoursDuration of action6–16 hours (amount of time that levels are detectable)Excretion• Major: metabolism (into carbon dioxide and water)• Minor: urine, breath, sweat (5–10%)IdentifiersIUPAC nameethanolCAS Number64-17-5PubChemCID702IUPHAR/BPS2299DrugBankDB00898ChemSpider682UNII3K9958V90MKEGGD00068ChEBICHEBI:16236ChEMBLChEMBL545PDB ligandEOH (PDBe, RCSB PDB)Chemical and physical dataFormulaC2H6OMolar mass46.069 g·mol3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageDensity0.7893 g/cm (at 20 °C)Melting point−114.14 ± 0.03 °C (−173.45 ± 0.05 °F) Boiling point78.24 ± 0.09 °C (172.83 ± 0.16 °F) Solubility in waterMiscible mg/mL (20 °C)SMILESCCOInChIInChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3Key:LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-NAlcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor).
Working memoryWorking memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily. It is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior. Working memory is often used synonymously with short-term memory, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming that working memory allows for the manipulation of stored information, whereas short-term memory only refers to the short-term storage of information.
AttentionPsychological focus, perception and prioritising discrete informationFocused attentionAttention is the concentration of awareness directed at some task or phenomenon while mostly excluding others. Across disciplines, the nature of this directedness is conceptualized in different ways. In cognitive psychology, attention is often described as the allocation of limited cognitive processing resources to a subset of information, thoughts, or tasks.
IntelligenceIntelligence () has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
Learning disabilityRange of neurodevelopmental conditions This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
Decision-makingProcess to choose a course of actionIn psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker.
GlucocorticoidGlucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids) are a class of corticosteroids, which are in turn a class of steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The name "glucocorticoid" is a portmanteau of "glucose", "cortex", and "steroid", referring to its role in regulating the metabolism of glucose, its synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and its steroidal structure.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.