Napoleon IIIEmperor of the French from 1852 to 1870Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first elected president, second emperor, and the last monarch of France.
John BrightJohn Bright (16 November 1811 – 27 March 1889) was a British Radical and Liberal statesman, one of the greatest orators of his generation and a promoter of free trade policies. A Quaker, Bright is most famous for battling the Corn Laws. In partnership with Richard Cobden, he founded the Anti–Corn Law League, aimed at abolishing the Corn Laws, which raised food prices and protected landowners' interests by levying taxes on imported wheat.
Richard CobdenRichard Cobden (3 June 1804 – 2 April 1865) was a British Radical and Liberal politician, manufacturer, and a campaigner for free trade and peace. He was associated with the Anti–Corn Law League and the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty. As a young man, Cobden was a successful commercial traveller who became co-owner of a highly profitable calico printing factory in Sabden but lived in Manchester, a city with which he would become strongly identified.Free trade agreementA free trade agreement (FTA) or treaty is an agreement according to international law to form a free-trade area between the cooperating states. There are two types of trade agreements: bilateral and multilateral. Bilateral trade agreements occur when two countries agree to loosen trade restrictions between the two of them, generally to expand business opportunities.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandSovereign state in Northwestern Europe (1801–1922)
Free tradeAbsence of government restriction on international tradeTrade as a share of global GDP (openness index).Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold economically liberal positions, while economic nationalist political parties generally support protectionism, the opposite of free trade.
William Ewart GladstoneWilliam Ewart Gladstone ( YOO-ərt GLAD-stən; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a four-time prime minister of the United Kingdom. He began in politics as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Newark and ended as the face of the Liberal Party. His four non-consecutive terms — the most of any British prime minister — took place between 1868 and 1894.
Second French EmpireToday part ofFranceAlgeriaThe Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was the government of France from 1852 to 1870. It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of France under the French Second Republic, who proclaimed himself Emperor of the French as Napoleon III. The period was one of significant achievements in infrastructure and economy, while France reasserted itself as a dominant power in Europe.Most favoured nationMost favoured nation (MFN) is concept or principle in international economic relations whereby two states that have most favoured nation with one another will provide the same trade advantages (e.g. lower tariffs or higher import quotas) to one another as they would with a third state. In effect, a country that has been accorded MFN status may not be treated less advantageously than any other country with MFN status by the promising country.
Chancellor of the ExchequerLead minister of His Majesty's TreasuryThe chancellor of the exchequer (formally chancellor and under treasurer of His Majesty’s exchequer), often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and the head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet.
Stephen D. KrasnerStephen David Krasner (born February 15, 1942) is an American political scientist and former diplomat. Krasner has been a professor of international relations at Stanford University since 1981, and served as the Director of Policy Planning from 2005 to April 2007 while on leave from Stanford. A realist, he is known for his contributions to the fields of international relations and international political economy.
Michel ChevalierMichel Chevalier (French: [miʃɛl ʃəvalje]; 13 January 1806 – 18 November 1879) was a French engineer, statesman, economist and free market liberal.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.