Chinese Maritime Customs ServiceThe Chinese Maritime Customs Service was a Chinese governmental tax collection agency and information service from its founding in 1854 until it split in 1949 into services operating in the Republic of China on Taiwan, and in the People's Republic of China. From its foundation in 1854 until the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the agency was known as the Imperial Maritime Customs Service.
Old National Pronunciation1913-1926 Republic of China attempt to unify the Chinese dialects Old National Pronunciation老國音Language familySino-Tibetan SiniticChineseMandarinBeijing MandarinOld National PronunciationEarly formsProto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Eastern Han Chinese Middle Chinese Old Mandarin Middle Mandarin Writing system Traditional Chinese characters Bopomofo Language codesISO 639-3None (mis) The Old National Pronunciation (traditional Chinese: 老國音; simplified Chinese: 老国音; pinyin: Lǎo guóyīn; Wade–Giles: Lao3 kuo2-yin1) was the system established for the phonology of standard Chinese as decided by the Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation from 1913 onwards, and published in the 1919 edition of the Guoyin Zidian (國音字典, "National Pronunciation Dictionary").
Beijing dialectThe Beijing dialect (simplified Chinese: 北京话; traditional Chinese: 北京話; pinyin: Běijīnghuà), also known as Pekingese and Beijingese, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China. It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese. Despite the similarity to Standard Chinese, it is characterized by some "iconic" differences, including the addition of a final rhotic儿; -r to some words (e.g. 哪儿; nǎr).PinyinScheme for the Chinese Phonetic AlphabetSimplified ChineseTraditional ChineseLiteral meaningscheme of spelled Han language sounds This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see .
Nanjing dialectThe Nanjing dialect, also known as Nanjing Mandarin, Nanjingese, Nankingese, or Nankinese, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin Chinese spoken in the urban area of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province. It is part of the Jianghuai group of Chinese varieties. PhonologyA number of features distinguish the Nanjing dialect from other Mandarin varieties.
XiamenXiamen, historically romanized as Amoy, is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian, People's Republic of China, beside the Taiwan Strait. It is divided into six districts: Huli, Siming, Jimei, Tong'an, Haicang, and Xiang'an. All together, these cover an area of 1,700.61 square kilometers (656.61 sq mi) with a population of 5,163,970 as of 2020 and estimated at 5.365 million as of 31 December 2025.
Wade–GilesWade–Giles is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language and the second most common transcription after Pinyin. Based on the Beijing dialect, Wade–Giles was developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892). It became the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century.
ShanghaiMunicipality and largest city in ChinaMunicipality in ChinaShanghai is a provincial-level direct-administered municipality in China. It has a population of 30,050,000 in the urban area as of 2026, thus making it China's most populous city and more broadly the fifth-largest city in the world by population. The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River bisecting the city.
Herbert GilesHerbert Allen Giles (Chinese: 翟理斯, romanized: Zhái Lǐsī; 8 December 1845 – 13 February 1935) was a British diplomat and sinologist who held the Professorship of Chinese at the University of Cambridge for 35 years. Giles was educated at Charterhouse School before becoming a British diplomat in China. He modified a Mandarin Chinese romanization system established by Thomas Wade, resulting in the widely known Wade–Giles Chinese romanization system.
TaiwanCountry in East AsiaTaiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, lies between the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.Place names in ChinaPlace names in China primarily refers to Han Chinese names, but also to those used by China's minorities. OriginsIn his study of place-names in China, J. E. Spencer notes that "although Chinese names indicate both domestic cultural and geographical influences, they almost never indicate cultural influence from other parts of the world", a tendency that also appeared to be characteristic of Chinese place-names in Singapore.
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