Cement clinkerCement clinker is a solid material produced as an intermediary product in Portland cement manufacturing. Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. It is produced by sintering (fusing without melting to the point of liquefaction) limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage.
CementHydraulic binder used in the composition of mortar and concreteCement powder being poured from a bag, ready to be mixed with aggregates and water.A cement is a binder used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete.
Cement kilnCement kilns are mechanical, industrial furnaces used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of portland and other types of hydraulic cement. The kilns use high heat to cook calcium carbonate with silica-bearing minerals to create the more reactive mixture of calcium silicates, called clinker, which is ground into a fine powder that is the main component of cements and concretes.
PortlanditePortlandite is a hydroxide-bearing mineral typically included in the oxide mineral class. It is the naturally occurring form of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and the calcium analogue of brucite (Mg(OH)2).
Acid–base reactionIn chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. It can be used to determine pH via titration. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.
ProtonA proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H, or H with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately one dalton, are jointly referred to as nucleons (particles present in atomic nuclei). One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom.
OxideAn oxide () is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion (anion bearing a net charge of −2) of oxygen, an O2− ion with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Even materials considered pure elements often develop an oxide coating.Chemical formulaA chemical formula is any of several kinds of notation for expressing the composition and structure of a chemical compound. Chemical formulas use element symbols for the atoms of each chemical element in a compound. There are several conventional types of chemical formula that present different levels of detail.
FormulaIn science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula. The informal use of the term formula in science refers to the general construct of a relationship between given quantities. The plural of formula can be either formulas (from the most common English plural noun form) or, under the influence of scientific Latin, formulae (from the original Latin).
CalciumChemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)Mg↑Ca↓Srpotassium ← calcium → scandium
SiliconChemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)C↑Si↓Gealuminium ← silicon → phosphorus
MetalType of materialIron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal.Metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, chromium and nickelA metal (from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon) 'mine, quarry, metal') is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Hydroxy groupIn chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula−OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anionHO, called hydroxide, and the neutral radicalHO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.