Filler (materials)Filler materials are particles added to binders (resin, thermoplastics, cement) to make a composite material. Filler materials improve specific properties or make the product cheaper. Coarse filler materials such as construction aggregate and rebar are used in the building industry to make plaster, mortar and concrete. Powdered fillers are mixed in with elastomers and plastics.
PigmentA pigment is a chemical compound that gives a substance or organism color, or is used by humans to add or alter color or change visual appearance. Pigments are nearly or completely insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic.
Activated carbonActivated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions. (Adsorption, not to be confused with absorption, is a process where atoms or molecules adhere to a surface). The pores can be thought of as a microscopic "sponge" structure.
Amorphous carbonAmorphous carbon is free, reactive carbon that has no crystallinestructure. Amorphous carbon materials may be stabilized by terminating dangling-π bonds with hydrogen. As with other amorphous solids, some short-range order can be observed. Amorphous carbon is often abbreviated to aC for general amorphous carbon, aC:H or HAC for hydrogenated amorphous carbon, or to ta-C for tetrahedral amorphous carbon (also called diamond-like carbon).Coal tarCoal tar is a viscous dark liquid that is a by-product of deriving coke and coal gas from coal. Coal tar has long been a source of useful chemicals as well as a general wood preservative. Although not common, it is used topically for relief from some skin conditions.
SootProduct of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons Emission of soot in the exhaust gas of a large diesel truck, without particle filters Part of a series onPollutionAir pollution from a factory Air Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Combustion Exhaust gas Haze Household air pollution Global dimming Global distillation Indoor air quality Non-exhaust emissions Ozone depletion Particulate matter Persistent organic pollutant Smog Soot Volatile organic compound Biological Biological hazard Genetic Illegal logging Introduced species Invasive species Digital Information Effects of violence in mass media Electromagnetic Light Ecological Overillumination Radio spectrum Natural Ozone Radium and radon in the environment Volcanic ash Wildfire Noise Transportation Health effects from noise Marine mammals and sonar Noise barrier Noise control Soundproofing Radiation Actinides Bioremediation Depleted uranium Nuclear fission Nuclear fallout Plutonium Poisoning Radioactivity Uranium Radioactive waste Soil Agricultural Land degradation Bioremediation Defecation Electrical resistance heating Illegal mining Soil guideline values Phytoremediation Solid waste Advertising mail Biodegradable waste Brown waste Electronic waste Food waste Green waste Hazardous waste Industrial waste Landfill Litter Mining Municipal solid waste Nanomaterials Plastic Packaging waste Post-consumer waste Waste management Space Space debris Thermal Urban heat island Visual Air travel Advertising clutter Overhead power lines Traffic signs Urban blight Vandalism War Chemical warfare Herbicidal warfare Agent Orange Nuclear holocaust Nuclear fallout Nuclear famine Nuclear winter Scorched earth Unexploded ordnance War and environmental law Water Agricultural wastewater Biosolids Diseases Eutrophication Firewater Freshwater Groundwater Hypoxia Industrial wastewater Marine Monitoring Nonpoint source Nutrient Ocean acidification Oil spill Pharmaceuticals Freshwater salinization Septic tanks Sewage Shipping Sludge Stagnation Sulfur water Surface runoff Turbidity Urban runoff Water quality Wastewater Topics History Pollutants Heavy metals Paint Misc Area source Brain health and pollution Debris Dust Garbology Legacy Midden Point source Technofossil Waste Toxic Lists Diseases Law by country Most polluted cities Least polluted cities by PM2.5 Treaties Most polluted rivers Categories By country Environment portal Ecology portalvte Soot (/sʊt/ suut) is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
PetroleumPetroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a natural resource that appears as a yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting primarily of hydrocarbons. The term petroleum refers to both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil.
CombustionCombustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion does not always result in fire, because a flame is only visible when substances undergoing combustion vaporize, but when it does, a flame is a characteristic indicator of the reaction.
EthyleneNames Preferred IUPAC nameEtheneSystematic IUPAC nameEtheneOther names Refrigerant R-1150Identifiers CAS Number74-85-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference1730731 ChEBICHEBI:18153ChEMBLChEMBL117822ChemSpider6085ECHA InfoCard100.000.742EC Number200-815-3Gmelin Reference214 KEGGC06547PubChemCID6325RTECS numberKU5340000UNII91GW059KN7UN number1962 1038 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID1026378InChIInChI=1S/C2H4/c1-2/h1-2H2Key: VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C2H4/c1-2/h1-2H2Key: VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYAESMILESC=CProperties Chemical formulaC2H4Molar mass28.054 g·mol Appearance colourless gas Density1.178 kg/m at 15 °C, gas Melting point−169.2 °C (−272.6 °F; 104.0 K) Boiling point−103.7 °C (−154.7 °F; 169.5 K) Solubility in water131 mg/L (25 °C); 2.9 mg/L Solubility in ethanol4.22 mg/L Solubility in diethyl ethergood Acidity (pKa) 44 Conjugate acidEtheniumMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−15.30·10 cm/mol Viscosity10.28 μPa·s Structure Molecular shapeD2hDipole momentzero Thermochemistry Std molarentropy(S298)219.32 J·K·mol Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)+52.47 kJ/mol Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH220, H336Precautionary statementsP210, P261, P271, P304+P340, P312, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 242Flash point−136 °C (−213 °F; 137 K) Autoignitiontemperature542.8 °C (1,009.0 °F; 815.9 K) Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0475Related compounds Related compoundsEthaneAcetylenePropyleneSupplementary data page Ethylene (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
TireA tire (North American English) or tyre (Commonwealth English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, are pneumatically inflated structures, providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonHydrocarbon composed of multiple aromatic ringsThree representations of hexabenzocoronene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Top: standard line-angle schematic, where carbon atoms are represented by the vertices of the hexagons and hydrogen atoms are inferred. Middle: ball-and-stick model showing all carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Surface-area-to-volume ratioThe surface-area-to-volume ratio or surface-to-volume ratio (denoted as SA:V, SA/V, or sa/vol) is the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects. SA:V is an important concept in science and engineering. It is used to explain the relation between structure and function in processes occurring through the surface and the volume.
Fluid catalytic crackingFluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.