Mu'awiya IMu'awiya I (c. 597, 603 or 605 – April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and immediately after the four Rashidun ('rightly-guided') caliphs. Unlike his predecessors, who had been close, early companions of Muhammad, Mu'awiya was a relatively late follower of Muhammad.
First FitnaBelligerentsRashidun CaliphateUmayyadSyriaUthmaniyyaKharijitesCommanders and leadersAliXHasan ibn Ali (WIA)Husayn ibn AliMalik al-AshtarXAmmar ibn Yasir†Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr†Mu'awiya (WIA)Aisha(POW)Talha†ZubayrXAmr ibn al-AsMarwan ibn al-Hakam(POW)Abd Allah ibn AmirAbd Allah ibn Wahb†Hurqus ibn Zuhayr†Zayd ibn Hisn†Abd al-Rahman ibn MuljamThe First Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الكبرى) was the first civil war in the Islamic community.
Umayyad CaliphateSecond Islamic caliphate (661–750)
Hasan ibn AliHasan ibn Ali (Arabic: حسن ابن علي, romanized: Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī; c. 625 – 2 April 670) was the eldest son of Ali and Fatima, the elder brother of Husayn, and the eldest grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He briefly ruled as caliph from January to August 661 and is the second Shia Imam, succeeding his father Ali and preceding his brother Husayn.
AliAli ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عليّ بن أبي طالب, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib; c. 600 – 661 CE) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the first Shia Imam, and the fourth Rashidun caliph, serving from 656 until his assassination in 661. He is a prominent member of the Ahl al-Bayt and Ahl al-Kisa, and a participant in the Event of the mubahala.
Umayyad dynastyRulers of Umayyad Caliphate Umayyad dynastyبَنُو أُمَيَّةَالأمويونParent familyBanu Abd-Shams of the QurayshCountryUmayyad Caliphate (661–750)Umayyad state of Córdoba (756–1031)Place of originMecca, ArabiaFounded661FounderMu'awiya IHistoric seatDamascusCórdobaTitlesCaliph (Umayyad Caliphate)Emir (Emirate of Cordoba)Caliph (Caliphate of Cordoba)Branches Sufyanids Marwanids Historical Arab states and dynasties Northern Ancient Arab states Kingdom of Qedar 800 BC–300 BC Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC–100 BC Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC–106 AD Osroene (Abgarids) 134 BC–242 AD Emesene Dynasty 64 BC–300s AD Kingdom of Hatra 100s–241 AD Tanukhids 196–1100 AD Ghassanids 220–638 AD Palmyra (Odaenathid) 260–273 AD Salihids 300s–500s AD Eastern Ancient Arab states Gerrha Kingdom 650 BC–300 AD Characene 141 BC-222 AD Kingdom of Kinda (Hujrids) 200 AD–528 AD Lakhmids 293–602 AD Southern Ancient Arab states Kingdom of Awsan 800 BC–700 BC Kingdom of Saba' 1200 BCE–275 CE Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt 1000 BC–290 CE Kingdom of Qatabān 1000 BC–200 CE Kingdom of Ma'in 600 BC–150 CE Kingdom of Ḥimyar 110 BCE–525 CE Arab empires and caliphates Rashidun 632–661 Umayyads 661–750 Abbasids 750–1258 Fatimids 909–1171 Caliphate of Córdoba929–1031 Omani Empire 1696–1856 Sharifian Caliphate 1916–1931 Eastern dynasties Emirate of Armenia 654–884 Emirate of Tbilisi 736–1122 Emirate of Crete 824–961 Dulafids 840–897 Habbari Emirate 854–1011 Emirate of Multan 855–1010 Kaysites 860–964 Shirvanshah 861–1538 Alid dynasties of northern Iran 864–14th century Hashimids 869–1075 Hamdanids 890–1004 Mazyadids 961–1150 Jarrahids 970–1107 Uqaylids 990–1096 Numayrids 990–1081 Mirdasids 1024–1080 Munqidhites 1025–1157 Muzaffarids 1314–1393 Ma'nids 1517–1697 Turabays 1480–1677 Harfushs 1517–1865 Shihabs 1176–1842 Western dynasties and caliphates Salihids710–1019 Fihrid Emirate745–757 Emirate of Córdoba756–929 Muhallabids771–793 Idrisids788–974 Aghlabids800–909 Sulaymanids814–922 Muslim Sicily831–1091 Kanzids1004–1412 Bakrids1012–1051 Tujibids1013–1039 Amirids1020–1086 Abbadids1023–1091 Yahsubids1023–1062 Hammudids1026–1057 Muzaynids1027–1063 Jawharids1031–1091 Hudids1039–1110 Sumadihids1041–1091 Tahirids1049–1078 Nasrids1230–1492 Saadids1554–1659 Alawis1631–present Senussids1837–1969 Arabian Peninsula Imamate of Oman 751–1970 Ziyadids 819–1138 Yufirids 847–997 Ukhaidhirds 865–1066 Rassids 897–1962 Wajihids 926–965 Sharifate of Mecca 968–1925 Sulayhids 1047–1138 Sulaymanids 1063–1174 Uyunids 1076–1253 Zurayids 1083–1174 Nabhanids 1154–1624 Mahdids 1159–1174 Rasulids 1229–1454 Usfurids 1253–1320 Jarwanids 1305–1487 Kathirids 1395–1967 Tahirids 1454–1526 Jabrids 1463–1521 Kingdom of Khaza'il 1534–1921 Qasimids 1597–1872 Ya'arubids 1624–1742 Emirate of Dir'iyah 1744–1818 Upper Yafa 1800–1967 Muscat and Oman 1820–1970 Rashidids 1836–1921 Qu'aitids 1858–1967 Emirate of Beihan 1903–1967 Idrisids 1906–1934 Mutawakkilite Kingdom 1926–1970 East Africa Makhzumi dynasty (Shewa) 896–1279 Nabahani dynasty (Pate Island) 1203–1894 Mahdali dynasty (Kilwa Sultanate) 1277–1495 Sultanate of Darfur 1448–1874 Omani Empire 1698–1856 Mazrui dynasty (Mombasa) 1746–1828 Sultanate of Zanzibar 1856–1964 Nabahani dynasty (Wituland) 1858–1895 Tippu Tip's State 1860–1887 Mahdist State 1885–1899 Current monarchies 'Alawis (Morocco) 1631–present Al Qasimi (Ras al Khaymah) 1727–present Al Qasimi (Sharjah) 1727–present Al Saud (Saudi Arabia) 1744–present Al Said (Oman) 1749–present Al Sabah (Kuwait) 1752–present Al Nahyan (Abu Dhabi) 1761–present Al Mualla (Umm al-Quwain) 1775–present Al Khalifa (Bahrain) 1783–present Al Nuaimi (Ajman) 1810–present Al Maktoum (Dubai) 1833–present Al Thani (Qatar) 1868–present Al Sharqi (Fujairah) 1879–present Hashemites (Jordan) 1921–present vte The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit.Al-Walid ibn UqbaAl-Walīd ibn ʿUqba ibn Abī Muʿayṭ (Arabic: الْوَلِيْد ابْنِ عُقبَة ابْنِ أَبِيّ مُعَيْط, died 680) was the governor of Kufa in 645/46–649/50 during the reign of his half-brother, Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656). During the reign of Uthman, he led Fajr prayers while intoxicated, and there were witness of him vomiting, as mentioned in Hadith 4457 of Sahih Muslim.
RashidunThe Rashidun (Arabic: الراشدون, romanized: al-Rāshidūn, lit.'the rightly-guided') are the first four caliphs (lit.'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, namely Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), Uthman (r. 644–656), and Ali (r. 656–661).
John KelsayJohn Kelsay is an author and a Research Professor and Richard L. Rubenstein Professor of Religion at Florida State University. He received his Ph.D. in 1985 in Ethics from University of Virginia. He mainly focuses on religious ethics, particularly in relation to the Islamic and Christian traditions. His research interests include comparative religious ethics, political ethics, and religion and war.
Bilad al-ShamBilad al-Sham (Arabic: بِلَاد الشَّام, romanized: Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates. It roughly corresponded with the Byzantine Diocese of the East, conquered by the Muslims in 634–647.
EuphratesThe Euphrates ( ; see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of West Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (lit.'the land between the rivers'). Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab in Iraq, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
Romanization of ArabicThe romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spokenArabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists.
Hijri eraEra in the Islamic calendar Today(at UTC+00)Saturday, 26 September 2026Islamic13 Rabi' al-thani, AH 1448(using tabular method)Solar Hijri4 Mehr, SH 1405Other calendarsAkanFomemeneArmenian8 Sahmi 1476AztecTititl 19, 13 MazātlBabylonian13 Ululu, 2337 SEBalinese pawukonMenga, Pasah, Sri, Umanis, Tungleh, Saniscara of Bala, Ludra, Dangu, SriBengali11 Ashshin, BS 1433ChineseYin Water Rabbit・Girl MansionFire Horse Year, Month 8, Day 16(Qiufen, 12 days until Hanlu)Common Era26 September 2026 CECoptic16 Thout, AM 1743Egyptian13 Mechir, 2775 NEEthiopian16 Maskaram, 2019 Amätä MəhrätFrench RepublicanDécade I, Quartidi de Vendémiaire de l'Année 235 de la RépubliqueGregorian26 September, AD 2026Hebrew15 Tishrei, AM 5787HinduPūrvabhādrapada・GaṇḍaSolar: 10 Āśvina, 1948 SELunisolar: Pūrṇimā, Śukla pakṣa of Bhādrapada, 2083 VERāudra・5127 KY・1,872,844IcelandicLaugardagur, 3 Haustmánuður 2026ISO week date2026-W39-6Japanese16 Hazuki, Reiwa 8(Shūbun, 12 days until Kanro)Julian13 September, AD 2026 (AM 7534)Julian day2461310Korean16 Dakdal, 4359 DEMaya13.0.13.17.70 Yax, 13 ManikRomanIdibus Septembribus, MMDCCLXXIX AUCTibetan15 khrums, me pho rta2153 or 1772 or 1000[refresh] The Hijri era (Arabic: التقويم الهجري, romanized: at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is the calendar era used to record dates in the Islamic world.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.