Pyridoxal phosphatePyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P, scientitifically known as 4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has catalogued more than 140 PLP-dependent activities, corresponding to ~4% of all classified activities.
L-DOPAl-DOPA, also known as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and used medically as levodopa, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l-DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acidl-tyrosine. l-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmittersdopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
5-Hydroxytryptophan5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), used medically as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurringamino acid and chemicalprecursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitterserotonin. 5-HTP can be manufactured and used as a drug and supplement with the INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Nameoxitriptan. Brand names include Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum.
Cofactor (biochemistry)A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst. Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which these happen are characterized in an area of study called enzyme kinetics. Cofactors typically differ from ligands in that they often derive their function by remaining bound.
Schiff baseIn organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure R1R2C=NR3 (R3 = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen). They can be considered a sub-class of imines, being either secondary ketimines or secondary aldimines depending on their structure. Anil refers to a common subset of Schiff bases: imines derived from anilines.
LysineAmino acidNames IUPAC nameLysineSystematic IUPAC name2,6-Diaminohexanoic acidOther names Lysine, D-lysine, L-lysine, LYS, h-Lys-OHIdentifiers CAS Number70-54-2 DL56-87-1 L923-27-3 D3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageZwitterion: Interactive imageProtonated zwitterion: Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:25094ChEMBLChEMBL28328ChemSpider8435747 LECHA InfoCard100.000.673IUPHAR/BPS724KEGGC16440PubChemCID866UNIIAI4RT59273 DLK3Z4F929H6 L3HQ6U6424Q DCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID90859004InChIInChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)Key: KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)Key: KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYAYSMILESC(CCN)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NZwitterion: C(CC[NH3+])C[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])NProtonated zwitterion: C(CC[NH3+])C[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+]Properties Chemical formulaC6H14N2O2Molar mass146.190 g·mol Solubility in water1.5 kg/L Pharmacology ATC codeB05XB03 (WHO) Supplementary data page Lysine (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Chemical compoundLysine ball and stick model spinningLysine (symbol Lys or K; also L-lysine) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.
Vitamin B6Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins, and is an essential nutrient for humans. The term essential nutrient refers to a group of six chemically similar compounds, i.e., "vitamers", which can be interconverted in biological systems. Its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, serves as a coenzyme in more than 140 enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism.
EnzymeAn enzyme is a biological macromolecule, usually a protein, that acts as a biological catalyst, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. The molecules on which enzymes act are called substrates, which are converted into products. Nearly all metabolic processes within a cell depend on enzyme catalysis to occur at biologically relevant rates. A metabolic pathway is typically composed of a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps.
CarboxylateIn chemistry, a carboxylate is an anion with the general formula RCOO (or RCO−2). Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula M(RCOO)n, where M is a metal and n is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula RCOOR′ (also written as RCO2R′), where R and R′ are organic groups. Occurrence and usesCarboxylates are pervasive in nature, as all amino acids exist as such.
PHIn chemistry, pH ( or ; ) is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen (H) cations) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions.LyaseIn biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction).
AmineIn chemistry, amines (, UK also) are organic compounds that contain carbon–nitrogen bonds. Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of electrons. Amines can also exist as heterocyclic compounds. Aniline(C6H7N{\displaystyle {\ce {C6H7N}}}) is the simplest aromatic amine, consisting of a benzene ring bonded to an amino (−NH2{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH2}}}) group.
Enzyme Commission numberThe Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the corresponding enzyme-catalyzed reaction. EC numbers do not specify enzymes but enzyme-catalyzed reactions. If different enzymes (for instance from different organisms) catalyze the same reaction, then they receive the same EC number.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.