High anion gap metabolic acidosisHigh anion gap metabolic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis characterized by a high anion gap (a medical value based on the concentrations of ions in a patient's serum). Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. Several types of metabolic acidosis occur, grouped by their influence on the anion gap.
BicarbonateIn inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (American English: ; IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. It is a polyatomic anion with the chemical formula HCO3–. Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the physiological pH buffering system. The term "bicarbonate" was coined in 1814 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston.
Metabolic acidosisMetabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance. Metabolic acidosis has three main root causes: increased acid production, loss of bicarbonate, and a reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids. Metabolic acidosis can lead to acidemia, which is defined as arterial blood pH that is lower than 7.35.
Urine anion gapIn clinical chemistry, the urine anion gap is calculated using measured ions found in the urine. It is used to aid in the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. The term "anion gap" without qualification usually implies serum anion gap. The "urine anion gap" is a different measure, principally used to determine whether the kidneys are capable of appropriately acidifying urine.
Comprehensive metabolic panelThe comprehensive metabolic panel, or chemical screen (CMP; CPT code 80053), is a panel of 14 blood tests that serves as an initial broad medical screening tool. The CMP provides a rough check of kidney function, liver function, diabetic and parathyroid status, and electrolyte and fluid balance. This type of screening has its limitations.
ChlorideNames Systematic IUPAC nameChlorideIdentifiers CAS Number16887-00-63D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference3587171 ChEBICHEBI:17996ChEMBLChEMBL19429ChemSpider306Gmelin Reference14910 IUPHAR/BPS2339KEGGC00698PubChemCID312UNIIQ32ZN48698InChIInChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1Key: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-MSMILES[Cl-]Properties Chemical formulaClMolar mass35.45 g·mol Conjugate acidHydrogen chlorideThermochemistry Std molarentropy(S298)153.36 J K mol Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−167 kJ mol Related compounds Other anionsFluorideBromideIodideExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).The chlorideion (Cl) is the anion of chlorine, that is, chlorine with an extra electron.
Blood plasmaBlood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains proteins and other constituents of whole blood in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. It is the intravascular part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells).
ElectrolyteAn electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions, but not through the movement of electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases, dissolved in a polar solvent like water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly throughout the solvent. Solid-state electrolytes also exist. In medicine and sometimes in chemistry, the term electrolyte refers to the substance that is dissolved.
UrineUrine is the fluid excreted by the kidneys of vertebrates to clear the bloodstream of excess water and metabolic by-products including urea, uric acid, and creatinine. In mammals, urine travels from the kidneys via the ureters to the bladder for storage until urination. Placental mammals expel urine from the bladder through the urethra, whereas other vertebrates urinate through the cloaca. Urine plays an important role in the earth's nitrogen cycle.
Serum (blood)Serum () is the fluid and solvent component of blood which does not play a role in clotting. It may be defined as blood plasma without the clotting factors, or as blood with all cells and clotting factors removed. Serum contains all proteins except clotting factors (involved in blood clotting), including all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs, microorganisms).
IonAn ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.