Philip II of MacedonPhilip II of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Φίλιππος, romanized: Phílippos; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (basileus) of Macedon from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. The rise of Macedon, from a kingdom initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, to a power that came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, was largely thanks to the character and policies of Philip.
Alexander the GreatKing of Macedon from 336 to 323 BCAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 336 BC until his death. He was the son of Philip II, born to him by his fourth wife, Olympias, and ascended to the throne at the age of 20 after Philip was assassinated.
Pike (weapon)A pike is a long thrusting spear formerly used in European warfare from the Late Middle Ages and most of the early modern period, and wielded by foot soldiers deployed in pike square formation, until it was largely replaced by bayonet-equipped muskets. The pike was particularly well known as the primary weapon of Spanish tercios, Swiss mercenaries, German Landsknecht units and French sans-culottes.
IphicratesIphicrates (Ancient Greek: Ιφικράτης) (c. 418 – c. 353 BC) was an Athenian general, who flourished in the earlier half of the 4th century BC. He is credited with important infantry reforms that revolutionized ancient Greek warfare by regularizing light-armed peltasts. Cornelius Nepos wrote that Iphicrates was such a leader, that he was not only comparable to the first commanders of his own time, but no one even of the older generals could be set above him.
PhalanxThe phalanx (IPA: /ˈfa.laŋks/; pl.: phalanges or phalanxes) was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar polearms tightly packed together. The term is used today to describe the use of this formation in ancient Greek warfare, but ancient Greek writers used it more broadly to describe any massed infantry formation regardless of its equipment.
Wars of Alexander the GreatConflicts of Alexander the Great (336–325 BC)BelligerentsMacedonian Empire • Hellenic LeagueGandharaAchaemenid EmpireBalkans:IllyriansThraciansPolisWestern and Central Asia:BactriaSogdiaUxiiansIndia:PauravasAśvakaGuraensMalliansOxydracians Amvastha Commanders and leadersAlexander the Great (WIA)Parmenion XAntipaterCraterus (WIA)Cleitus XCoenus #SeleucusNearchusHephaestion #PeithonEumenesAristonSimmiasNicanor #Ptolemy (WIA)PerdiccasPhilotas TaxilesDarius III XBessus Memnon #Batis Ariobarzanes †Arsames †DimitriadisSpithridates †Rheomithres †Niphates †Petenes †Mithrobuzanes †Arbupales †Mithridates †Pharnaces †Omares †OrontobatesMazaeus #Azemilcus HegesistratusSpitamenes XPorusGlauciusCasualties and losses More than 1 millionAlexander the Great of Macedon carried out a series of conquests and military campaigns from 336 to 323 BC.
Expansion of Macedonia under Philip IIRise of MacedonBelligerentsMacedonIllyriansPaeoniaPhocisChalkidian LeagueOdrysian kingdomGetaeTriballiScythiansAthensThebesAchaemenid EmpireCommanders and leadersPhilip II (WIA)ParmenionAlexander IIIBardylis †AgisLyppeiusCetriporisGrabos IIOnomarchusKersebleptesPleuratusMenelaus of PelagoniaDemosthenesMemnon of RhodesUnder the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the Argeadkingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of less than 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king.
Ancient GreeceAncient Greece (Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, romanized: Hellás) was an ancient civilization existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity (c. 600 AD), comprising a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and regions, primarily centered in the northeastern area of the . Prior to the Roman period, most of this area was officially unified only once, from 338 to 323 BC under the Kingdom of Macedon.
EpaminondasEpaminondas (; Ancient Greek: Ἐπαμεινώνδας, romanized: Epameinōndas; 419/411–362 BC) was a Greek general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greekcity-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a pre-eminent position in Greek politics called the Theban Hegemony.
Achaemenid EmpireThe Achaemenid Empire (, ; Old Persian: , Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' or 'The Kingdom') was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. At peak, its territorial extent was roughly 5.5 million square kilometres (2.1 million square miles), making it the largest empire of its time.
Classical antiquityClassical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD, following the Greek Dark Ages and being succeeded by late antiquity. It comprises the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome, known together as the Greco-Roman world, which played a major role in shaping the culture of the Mediterranean basin.
Ancient EgyptCradle of civilization in North AfricaAncient Egypt was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the eastern part of North Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower Egypt were united by Menes, who is believed by the majority of Egyptologists to have been the same person as Narmer.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)Macedonia ( ; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía), also called Macedon ( ), was an ancientkingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.