Sulfuric acidChemical compound (H2SO4)Names IUPAC nameSulfuric acidOther names Oil of vitriolHydrogen sulfateDihydrogen sulfateIdentifiers CAS Number7664-93-93D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:26836ChEMBLChEMBL572964ChemSpider1086ECHA InfoCard100.028.763EC Number231-639-5E numberE513 (acidity regulators, ...)Gmelin Reference2122 KEGGD05963PubChemCID1118RTECS numberWS5600000UNIIO40UQP6WCFUN number1830 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID5029683InChIInChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYACSMILESOS(=O)(=O)OProperties Chemical formulaH2SO4, sometimes expressed (HO)2SO2 Molar mass98.07 g·mol Appearance Colorless viscous liquid OdorOdorless Density1.8302 g/cm, liquid Melting point10.31 °C (50.56 °F; 283.46 K) Boiling point337 °C (639 °F; 610 K) When sulfuric acid is above 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K), it gradually decomposes to SO3 + H2OSolubility in watermiscible, exothermic Vapor pressure0.001 mmHg (20 °C) Acidity (pKa) pKa1 = strongpKa2 = 2.0 Conjugate baseBisulfateViscosity26.7 cP (20 °C) Structure Crystal structuremonoclinic Space groupC2/c Lattice constanta = 818.1(2) pm, b = 469.60(10) pm, c = 856.3(2) pmα = 90°, β = 111.39(3)°, γ = 90°Formula units (Z)4 Thermochemistry Std molarentropy(S298)157 J/(mol·K) Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−814 kJ/mol Enthalpy of vaporization(ΔfHvap)56 kJ/mol Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH290, H314Precautionary statementsP260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 302WOXFlash pointNon-flammable Threshold limit value (TLV)15 mg/m (IDLH), 1 mg/m (TWA), 2 mg/m (STEL) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)2140 mg/kg (rat, oral) LC50 (median concentration)50 mg/m (guinea pig, 8 h)510 mg/m (rat, 2 h)320 mg/m (mouse, 2 h)18 mg/m (guinea pig)LCLo (lowest published)87 mg/m (guinea pig, 2.75 h) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 1 mg/m REL (Recommended)TWA 1 mg/m IDLH (Immediate danger)15 mg/m Related compounds Related strong acidsSelenic acidHydrochloric acidNitric acidPerchloric acidFluoroantimonic acidChromic acidRelated compoundsSulfurous acidPeroxymonosulfuric acidSulfur trioxideOleumExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)IsobutaneIsobutane, also known as i-butane, 2-methylpropane or methylpropane, is a chemical compound with molecular formula HC(CH3)3. An isomer of butane, it is a colorless, odorless gas. Isobutane is the simplest alkane with a tertiary carbon atom, and is used as a precursor molecule in the petrochemical industry, such as in the synthesis of isooctane.
ButeneButene, also known as butylene, is an alkene with the formula C4H8. The word butene may refer to any of the individual compounds. They are colourless gases that are present in crude oil as a minor constituent in quantities that are too small for viable extraction. Butene is therefore obtained by catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons left during refining of crude oil.
Fluid catalytic crackingFluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.
HydrocarbonIn organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic; their odor is usually faint, and may be similar to that of gasoline or lighter fluid.
Unit processA unit process is one or more grouped unit operations in a manufacturing system that can be defined and separated from others. In life-cycle assessment (LCA) and ISO 14040, a unit process is defined as "smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for which input and output data are quantified".
Hydrofluoric acidNames IUPAC nameFluoraneOther names Fluorhydric acidHydronium fluorideIdentifiers CAS Number7664-39-33D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageChEBICHEBI:29228ChemSpider14214EC Number231-634-8PubChemCID14917RTECS numberMW7875000UNIIRGL5YE86CZCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID1049641InChIInChI=1S/FH/h1HKey: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/FH/h1HKey: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYACSMILESF.O[F-].[OH3+]Properties Chemical formulaHF (aq) Appearance Colorless liquid Density1.15 g/mL (for 48% solution) Acidity (pKa) 3.17 Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH280, H300+H310+H330, H314Precautionary statementsP260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P320, P321, P330, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 400ACIDExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
AlkeneIn organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds. The double bond may be internal or at the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as α-olefins.
PropyleneNames Preferred IUPAC namePropeneIdentifiers CAS Number115-07-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageBeilstein Reference1696878 ChEBICHEBI:16052ChEMBLChEMBL117213ChemSpider7954ECHA InfoCard100.003.693EC Number204-062-1Gmelin Reference852 KEGGC11505PubChemCID8252RTECS numberUC6740000UNIIAUG1H506LYUN number1077In Liquefied petroleum gas: 1075CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID5021205InChIInChI=1S/C3H6/c1-3-2/h3H,1H2,2H3Key: QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C3H6/c1-3-2/h3H,1H2,2H3Key: QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYAASMILESC=CCCC=CProperties Chemical formulaC3H6Molar mass42.081 g·mol Appearance Colorless gas Density1.81 kg/m, gas (1.013 bar, 15 °C) 1.745 kg/m, gas (1.013 bar, 25 °C)613.9 kg/m, liquid Melting point−185.2 °C (−301.4 °F; 88.0 K) Boiling point−47.6 °C (−53.7 °F; 225.6 K) Solubility in water0.61 g/m Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−31.5·10 cm/mol Viscosity8.34 µPa·s at 16.7 °C Structure Dipole moment0.366 D (gas) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH220Precautionary statementsP210, P377, P381, P403NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 141Flash point−108 °C (−162 °F; 165 K) Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDSRelated compounds Related alkenes;related groupsEthylene, Isomers of Butylene;Allyl, PropenylRelated compoundsPropane, PropynePropadiene, 1-Propanol2-PropanolExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
PetroleumNaturally occurring combustible liquidA sample of petroleumPumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas, U.S.An oil refinery in Ahmadi Governorate in KuwaitPetroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a natural resource that appears as a yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting primarily of hydrocarbons.
CatalysisCatalysis (, ) is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst ( ). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after the reaction. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst is recycled quickly, a very small amount of catalyst often suffices; mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate.
Petroleum industryExtraction and sale of petroleum productsPetroleum industry map showing oil pipelines, natural gas pipelines, refineries, and petroleum fieldsThe petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.