ExciseAn excise, or excise tax, is any duty on a category of goods that is normally levied by a government at the moment of manufacture for domestic consumption. This makes excise different from a sales tax or value-added tax (which are levied at a point of sale) or from customs duties (which are levied on goods when they cross a designated border).
Alcohol (drug)Clinical dataPronunciationOther namesAbsolute alcohol; alcohol (USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia); cologne spirit; drinking alcohol; ethanol (JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name); ethylic alcohol; EtOH; ethyl alcohol; ethyl hydrate; ethyl hydroxide; ethylol; grain alcohol; hydroxyethane; methylcarbinolPregnancycategoryX (Contraindicated in pregnancy)DependenceliabilityModerateAddictionliabilityModerate (10–15%)Routes ofadministrationCommon: By mouthUncommon: Inhalation, ophthalmic, insufflation, rectal, injectionDrug classDepressant; anxiolytic; analgesic; euphoriant; sedative; emetic; diuretic; general anestheticATC codeV03AZ01 (WHO) Legal statusLegal statusAU: UnscheduledBR:UnscheduledCA: UnscheduledDE: UnscheduledNZ: UnscheduledUK:General sales list (GSL, OTC)US: UnscheduledUN: UnscheduledSE: Age-restricted In general: Legal for recreational use, except in Muslim countries of the Middle East and parts of North Africa and South AsiaPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability80%+Protein bindingWeakly or not at allMetabolismLiver (90%):• Alcohol dehydrogenase• MEOS (CYP2E1)MetabolitesAcetaldehyde; acetic acid; acetyl-CoA; carbon dioxide; water; ethyl glucuronide; ethyl sulfateOnset of actionPeak concentrations:• Range: 30–90 minutes• Mean: 45–60 minutes• Fasting: 30 minutesElimination half-lifeConstant-rate elimination at typical concentrations:• Range: 10–34 mg/dL/hour• Mean: 15-18 mg/dL/hrAt very high concentrations (t1/2): 4.0–4.5 hoursDuration of action6–16 hours (amount of time that levels are detectable)Excretion• Major: metabolism (into carbon dioxide and water)• Minor: urine, breath, sweat (5–10%)IdentifiersIUPAC nameethanolCAS Number64-17-5PubChemCID702IUPHAR/BPS2299DrugBankDB00898ChemSpider682UNII3K9958V90MKEGGD00068ChEBICHEBI:16236ChEMBLChEMBL545PDB ligandEOH (PDBe, RCSB PDB)Chemical and physical dataFormulaC2H6OMolar mass46.069 g·mol3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageDensity0.7893 g/cm (at 20 °C)Melting point−114.14 ± 0.03 °C (−173.45 ± 0.05 °F) Boiling point78.24 ± 0.09 °C (172.83 ± 0.16 °F) Solubility in waterMiscible mg/mL (20 °C)SMILESCCOInChIInChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3Key:LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-NAlcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor).
Excess burden of taxationEconomic loss due to taxes or subsidies In economics, the excess burden of taxation is one of the economic losses that society suffers as the result of taxes or subsidies. Economic theory posits that distortions change the amount and type of economic behavior from that which would occur in a free market without the tax. Excess burdens can be measured using the average cost of funds or the marginal cost of funds (MCF). Excess burdens were first discussed by Adam Smith.
Alcohol abuseAlcohol abuse encompasses a spectrum of alcohol-related substance abuse. This spectrum can range from being mild, moderate, or severe. This can look like consumption of more than 2 drinks per day on average for men, or more than 1 drink per day on average for women, to binge drinking. Alcohol abuse was a psychiatric diagnosis in the DSM-IV, but it has been merged with alcohol dependence in the DSM-5 into alcohol use disorder.
Still wineA still wine is defined by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) as a wine after the end of fermentation from which no more carbonic acid is developed. Still wine is a wine whose carbon dioxide content is so low that it neither sparkles nor foams. It does not produce bubbles when the bottle is opened, in contrast to sparkling wine. The majority of wines on the market are still wines.
User feeA user fee is a fee, tax, or impost payment paid to a facility owner or operator by a facility user as a necessary condition for using the facility. People pay user fees for the use of many public services and facilities. At the federal level in the United States, there is a charge for walking to the top of the Statue of Liberty, to drive into many national parks, and to use particular services of the Library of Congress.Pass-through (economics)In economics, cost pass-through (also known as price transmission or simply pass-through) is a process (or result) of a business changing pricing of its output (products or services) to reflect a change in costs of its own input (materials, labor, etc.). The effect of passthrough is quantified as passthrough rate, a ratio between the change in costs and the change in prices.
Alcoholic beverageDrink with a substantial ethanol contentA selection of alcoholic drinks (from left to right): red wine, malt whisky, lager, sparkling wine, lager, cherry liqueur and red wineAlcoholic beverages and production relationshipsAn alcoholic beverage (also called an alcoholic drink or strong drink) is any drink that contains alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are typically divided into three classes: beers, wines, and spirits; with alcohol content typically between 3% and 50%.
EconomicsSocial science studying goods and servicesEuro coinsEconomics () is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyses what is viewed as the basic elements of economies, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of those interactions.
ExternalityImposed cost or benefit in economicsAir pollution from motor vehicles is an example of a negative externality. The costs of the air pollution for the rest of society is not compensated for by either the producers or users of motorized transport.In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity.
Per unit taxA per unit tax, or specific tax, is an indirect tax that is defined as a fixed amount for each unit of a good or service sold, such as cents per kilogram. It is thus proportional to the particular quantity of a product sold, regardless of its price. Excise taxes, for instance, fall into this tax category. By contrast, an ad valorem tax is a charge based on a fixed percentage of the product value.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.