category theory Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations that was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Nowadays, ca ...

, a branch of

mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...

, an initial object of a category is an object in such that for every object in , there exists precisely one

morphism In mathematics, particularly in category theory, a morphism is a structure-preserving map from one mathematical structure to another one of the same type. The notion of morphism recurs in much of contemporary mathematics. In set theory, morphisms a ...

. The

dual Dual or Duals may refer to: Paired/two things * Dual (mathematics), a notion of paired concepts that mirror one another ** Dual (category theory), a formalization of mathematical duality *** see more cases in :Duality theories * Dual (grammatical ...

notion is that of a terminal object (also called terminal element): is terminal if for every object in there exists exactly one morphism . Initial objects are also called coterminal or universal, and terminal objects are also called final. If an object is both initial and terminal, it is called a zero object or null object. A pointed category is one with a zero object. A

strict initial object In the mathematical discipline of category theory, a strict initial object is an initial object 0 of a category ''C'' with the property that every morphism in ''C'' with codomain 0 is an isomorphism. In a Cartesian closed category In category th ...

is one for which every morphism into is an isomorphism.

Examples

* The

empty set In mathematics, the empty set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories ensure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set, while in other ...

is the unique initial object in Set, the category of sets. Every one-element set ( singleton) is a terminal object in this category; there are no zero objects. Similarly, the empty space is the unique initial object in Top, the

category of topological spaces In mathematics, the category of topological spaces, often denoted Top, is the category whose objects are topological spaces and whose morphisms are continuous maps. This is a category because the composition of two continuous maps is again contin ...

and every one-point space is a terminal object in this category. * In the category Rel of sets and relations, the empty set is the unique initial object, the unique terminal object, and hence the unique zero object. * In the category of pointed sets (whose objects are non-empty sets together with a distinguished element; a morphism from to being a function with ), every singleton is a zero object. Similarly, in the category of pointed topological spaces, every singleton is a zero object. * In Grp, the category of groups, any trivial group is a zero object. The trivial object is also a zero object in Ab, the

category of abelian groups In mathematics, the category Ab has the abelian groups as objects and group homomorphisms as morphisms. This is the prototype of an abelian category: indeed, every small abelian category can be embedded in Ab. Properties The zero object of Ab is ...

, Rng the

category of pseudo-rings In mathematics, the category of rings, denoted by Ring, is the category (mathematics), category whose objects are ring (mathematics), rings (with identity) and whose morphisms are ring homomorphisms (that preserve the identity). Like many categor ...

, ''R''-Mod, the

category of modules In algebra, given a ring ''R'', the category of left modules over ''R'' is the category whose objects are all left modules over ''R'' and whose morphisms are all module homomorphisms between left ''R''-modules. For example, when ''R'' is the ring o ...

over a ring, and ''K''-Vect, the category of vector spaces over a field. See '' Zero object (algebra)'' for details. This is the origin of the term "zero object". * In Ring, the category of rings with unity and unity-preserving morphisms, the ring of integers Z is an initial object. The zero ring consisting only of a single element 0 = 1 is a terminal object. * In Rig, the category of

rig Rig may refer to: Objects and structures * Rig (fishing), an arrangement of items used for fishing * Drilling rig, a structure housing equipment used to drill or extract oil from underground * Rig (stage lighting) * rig, a horse-drawn carriage ...

s with unity and unity-preserving morphisms, the rig of natural numbers N is an initial object. The zero rig, which is the zero ring, consisting only of a single element 0 = 1 is a terminal object. * In Field, the category of fields, there are no initial or terminal objects. However, in the subcategory of fields of fixed characteristic, the prime field is an initial object. * Any partially ordered set can be interpreted as a category: the objects are the elements of , and there is a single morphism from to if and only if . This category has an initial object if and only if has a least element; it has a terminal object if and only if has a greatest element. * Cat, the category of small categories with functors as morphisms has the empty category, 0 (with no objects and no morphisms), as initial object and the terminal category, 1 (with a single object with a single identity morphism), as terminal object. * In the category of schemes, Spec(Z), the

prime spectrum In commutative algebra, the prime spectrum (or simply the spectrum) of a ring ''R'' is the set of all prime ideals of ''R'', and is usually denoted by \operatorname; in algebraic geometry it is simultaneously a topological space equipped with the ...

of the ring of integers, is a terminal object. The empty scheme (equal to the prime spectrum of the zero ring) is an initial object. * A

limit Limit or Limits may refer to: Arts and media * ''Limit'' (manga), a manga by Keiko Suenobu * ''Limit'' (film), a South Korean film * Limit (music), a way to characterize harmony * "Limit" (song), a 2016 single by Luna Sea * "Limits", a 2019 ...

of a

diagram A diagram is a symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques. Diagrams have been used since prehistoric times on walls of caves, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment. Sometimes, the technique uses a three- ...

''F'' may be characterised as a terminal object in the

category of cones In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the cone of a functor is an abstract notion used to define the limit of that functor. Cones make other appearances in category theory as well. Definition Let ''F'' : ''J'' → ''C'' be a diagram in ''C ...

to ''F''. Likewise, a colimit of ''F'' may be characterised as an initial object in the category of co-cones from ''F''. * In the category Ch_R of chain complexes over a commutative ring R, the zero complex is a zero object.

Properties

Existence and uniqueness

Initial and terminal objects are not required to exist in a given category. However, if they do exist, they are essentially unique. Specifically, if and are two different initial objects, then there is a unique isomorphism between them. Moreover, if is an initial object then any object isomorphic to is also an initial object. The same is true for terminal objects. For complete categories there is an existence theorem for initial objects. Specifically, a ( locally small) complete category has an initial object if and only if there exist a set ( a

proper class Proper may refer to: Mathematics * Proper map, in topology, a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact * Proper morphism, in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for ...

) and an - indexed family of objects of such that for any object of , there is at least one morphism for some .

Equivalent formulations

Terminal objects in a category may also be defined as

s of the unique empty

. Since the empty category is vacuously a discrete category, a terminal object can be thought of as an empty product (a product is indeed the limit of the discrete diagram , in general). Dually, an initial object is a

colimit In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the abstract notion of a limit captures the essential properties of universal constructions such as products, pullbacks and inverse limits. The dual notion of a colimit generalizes constructions su ...

of the empty diagram and can be thought of as an empty coproduct or categorical sum. It follows that any functor which preserves limits will take terminal objects to terminal objects, and any functor which preserves colimits will take initial objects to initial objects. For example, the initial object in any concrete category with free objects will be the free object generated by the empty set (since the free functor, being left adjoint to the forgetful functor to Set, preserves colimits). Initial and terminal objects may also be characterized in terms of

universal properties In mathematics, more specifically in category theory, a universal property is a property that characterizes up to an isomorphism the result of some constructions. Thus, universal properties can be used for defining some objects independently fro ...

and adjoint functors. Let 1 be the discrete category with a single object (denoted by •), and let be the unique (constant) functor to 1. Then *An initial object in is a universal morphism from • to . The functor which sends • to is left adjoint to ''U''. *A terminal object in is a universal morphism from to •. The functor which sends • to is right adjoint to .

Relation to other categorical constructions

Many natural constructions in category theory can be formulated in terms of finding an initial or terminal object in a suitable category. *A universal morphism from an object to a functor can be defined as an initial object in the

comma category In mathematics, a comma category (a special case being a slice category) is a construction in category theory. It provides another way of looking at morphisms: instead of simply relating objects of a category to one another, morphisms become objec ...

. Dually, a universal morphism from to is a terminal object in . *The limit of a diagram is a terminal object in , the

to . Dually, a colimit of is an initial object in the category of cones from . *A representation of a functor to Set is an initial object in the

category of elements In category theory, if is a category and is a set-valued functor, the category of elements of (also denoted ) is the following category: * Objects are pairs (A,a) where A \in \mathop(C) and a \in FA. * Morphisms (A,a) \to (B,b) are arrows f: A \ ...

of . *The notion of

final functor In category theory, the notion of ''final functor'' (resp. ''initial functor'') is a generalization of the notion of Initial and terminal objects, final object (resp. initial object) in a Category (mathematics), category. A functor F: C \to D is ca ...

(respectively, initial functor) is a generalization of the notion of final object (respectively, initial object).

Other properties

*The

endomorphism monoid In mathematics, an endomorphism is a morphism from a mathematical object to itself. An endomorphism that is also an isomorphism is an automorphism. For example, an endomorphism of a vector space is a linear map , and an endomorphism of a g ...

of an initial or terminal object is trivial: . *If a category has a zero object , then for any pair of objects and in , the unique composition is a zero morphism from to .

References

* * * * ''This article is based in part o
PlanetMath

'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Initial And Terminal Objects Limits (category theory) Objects (category theory)