Yoke thé (, , literally "miniatures") is the Burmese name for

marionette A marionette ( ; ) is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings depending on regional variations. A marionette's puppeteer is called a marionettist. Marionettes are operated with the puppeteer hidden or revealed to an audience by ...

puppetry. Although the term can be used for puppetry in general, its usage usually refers to the local form of string puppetry. Like most of Burmese refined art, ''yoke thé'' performances originated from royal patronage and were gradually adapted for the wider populace. ''Yoke thé'' are almost always performed in the form of Burmese operas. Burmese marionettes are very intricate and their use requires dexterous skills, as they employ 18 or 19 wires for male and female characters respectively, and each puppet is controlled by only one puppeteer.

History

The probable date of the origin of Burmese marionettes is given as around 1780, during the reign of

Singu Min Singu Min (, ; 10 May 1756 – 14 February 1782) was the fourth king of the Konbaung dynasty of Myanmar.Buyers, p. 3 The King, who came to power amid controversy, largely put an end to his father Hsinbyushin's policy of territorial expansion, ...

, and their introduction is credited to the Minister of Royal Entertainment, U Thaw. From their inception, marionettes enjoyed great popularity in the courts of the Konbaung dynasty. Little has changed since the creation of the art by U Thaw, and the set of characters developed by him is still in use today. Until the conquest of

Upper Burma Upper Myanmar ( or , also called Upper Burma) is one of two geographic regions in Myanmar, the other being Lower Myanmar. Located in the country's centre and north stretches, Upper Myanmar encompasses six inland states and regions, including ...

by the British in late 1885 during the

Third Anglo-Burmese War The Third Anglo-Burmese War (), also known as the Third Burma War, took place during 7–29 November 1885, with sporadic resistance continuing into 1887. It was the final of three wars fought in the 19th century between the Burmese and the Br ...

, ''yoke thé'' troupes thrived under royal patronage.

List of characters

Traditional Burmese Commander-in-chief Marionette

A Burmese marionette troupe has 27 character figures. *Nat votaress (နတ်ကတော်ရုပ်, ''Nat Kadaw'') – two figures *Horse (မြင်း,''Myin'') – one figure *Elephant (ဆင်, ''Hsin'') – two figures (one white, one black) *Tiger (ကျား, ''Kyar'') – one figure *Monkey (''Myauk'') – one figure *Parrot (''Thalika'') – two figures *Alchemist (ဇော်ဂျီ, '' Zawgyi'') – one figure *Minister (''Wungyi'') – four figures *King (''Mintayar gyi'') – one figure *Prince (မင်းသား, ''Minthar'') – one figure *Princess (မင်းသမီး, ''Minthami'') – one figure *Prince Regent (''

Uparaja Uparaja is a noble title reserved for the viceroy in India and the Buddhist dynasties in Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, as well as some of their minor tributary kingdoms. It is ultimately from Sanskrit उपराज ''upa- rāja'' equivalent ...

'' or ''Ain-shei-Minthar'') – two figures (one white-faced, one red-faced) *Brahmin (ပုဏ္ဏား, ''Ponenar'') – one figure *Hermit (''Yathei'') – one figure *Nat (နတ်, ''Nat'') – one figure *Deva (''Maha Deiwa'') – one figure *Old man (''Apho-O'') – one figure *Old woman (''Aphwa-O'') – one figure *Buffoon (''Lu phyet'') – two figures

Music

A traditional Burmese orchestra known as a ''

hsaing waing The ''hsaing waing'' (, ; also spelt ''saing waing''), commonly dubbed the Burmese traditional orchestra (မြန်မာ့ဆိုင်း), is a traditional Burmese folk musical ensemble that accompanies numerous forms of rituals, performan ...

'' usually provides the music. The puppeteers themselves often provide the voices of the characters.

Political role

The Burmese court was concerned with preserving the dignity of its members, and marionettes were often used to preserve the esteem of persons who had erred. The king could reprimand his children or his wife in this way by asking the puppeteers to put on a parable warning errant children or careless wives about their reckless ways. While the reprimand would be obvious to anyone who was in the know, it would largely pass unheeded by the people looking on, something that had a great deal of value in a court that could, and did, contain hundreds of people. Burmese marionettes also served as a conduit between the ruler and his subjects. Many times, people would ask the puppeteers to mention a current event or warning to the ruler in a veiled fashion. Thus, information or popular discontent could be passed on without any disrespect, as marionettes could say things that a human could be punished for with death.

Decline and revival

''Yoke thé'' troupes, like most artisans in pre-colonial Burma alongside the

Sangha Sangha or saṃgha () is a term meaning "association", "assembly", "company" or "community". In a political context, it was historically used to denote a governing assembly in a republic or a kingdom, and for a long time, it has been used b ...

, enjoyed great royal patronage. However, like most forms of traditional arts, patronage vanished upon the colonisation of Upper Burma by the British in November 1885, following the

. In the late 1990s, General Khin Nyunt of the ruling junta lent official support to marionette actors and troupes, thus reviving a rapidly dying tradition. Nowadays, marionettes are very common as tourist attractions and also amongst the populace, and they have resumed their role of relatively safe political satire reflecting popular discontent. Also, a new genre of ''yoke thé'' is emerging, where a character and a real life actor perform the same show, usually with the ''yoke thé'' puppets able to mimic and sometimes out-perform their human counterparts.

History

List of characters

Music

Political role

Decline and revival

References

Further reading