Yaroslav Oleksandrovych Halan (, party nickname ''Comrade Yaga''; 27 July 1902 – 24 October 1949) was a Soviet Ukrainian writer, playwright, and publicist. A member of the

Communist Party of Western Ukraine The Communist Party of Western Ukraine (; ) was a clandestine political party in eastern interwar Poland. Until 1923 it was known as the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (Komunistyczna Partia Wschodniej Galicji). The Young Communist League of ...

from 1924, he played a role in the 1946 Synod of Lviv that merged the

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is a Major archiepiscopal church, major archiepiscopal ''sui iuris'' ("autonomous") Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Catholic church that is based in Ukraine. As a particular church of the Cathol ...

into the

Russian Orthodox Church The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; ;), also officially known as the Moscow Patriarchate (), is an autocephaly, autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Christian church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia. The Primate (bishop), p ...

and was controversial for the

anti-Catholicism Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents. Scholars have identified four categories of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cul ...

in his writings. He was assassinated in 1949 in what the Soviet government claimed was an attack by the

Ukrainian Insurgent Army The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist partisan formation founded by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) on 14 October 1942. The UPA launched guerrilla warfare against Nazi Germany, the S ...

, though the organisation's responsibility has since become a source of dispute.

Early life

Yaroslav Oleksandrovych Halan was born on 27 July 1902 in

Dynów Dynów () (, , ) is a small town in Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 6,058 (02.06.2009). History Dynów was first mentioned in written sources in 1423. At that time, together with other villages, it belong ...

, then part of the

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also known as Austrian Galicia or colloquially Austrian Poland, was a constituent possession of the Habsburg monarchy in the historical region of Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia in Eastern Europe. The Cr ...

within

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

, to the family of Oleksandr Halan, a minor post-office official. As a child, he lived and studied in

Przemyśl Przemyśl () is a city in southeastern Poland with 56,466 inhabitants, as of December 2023. Data for territorial unit 1862000. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship. It was previously the capital of Prz ...

. He enjoyed a large collection of books gathered by his father, and was greatly influenced by the creativity of the Ukrainian socialist writer

Ivan Franko Ivan Yakovych Franko (, ; 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, translator, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, ethnographer, and the author of the first d ...

. At school, Yaroslav's critical thoughts brought him into conflict with priests who taught theology. At the beginning of the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

his father, along with other "unreliable" elements who sympathised with the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

, was imprisoned at the

Thalerhof internment camp Thalerhof (also transliterated as Talerhof from Cyrillic-based East Slavic texts) was a concentration camp created by the Austro-Hungarian authorities active from 1914 to 1917, in a valley in foothills of the Alps, near Graz, the main city of th ...

by the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Galicia was taken by the Russians. During the next Austrian offensive, in order to avoid repressions, his mother evacuated the family with the retreating Russian army to

Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, from the Sea of Azov, directly north of t ...

, where Yaroslav studied at the gymnasium and performed in the local theatre. Living there, Halan witnessed the events of the

October Revolution The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Historiography in the Soviet Union, Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of Russian Revolution, two r ...

. He became familiar with

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...

's agitation. Later, these events formed the basis of his story, ''Unforgettable Days''. While in Rostov-on-Don, he discovered the works of Russian writers such as

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution re ...

Maxim Gorky Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (; – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (; ), was a Russian and Soviet writer and proponent of socialism. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Before his success as an aut ...

, Vissarion Belinsky, and

Anton Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...

. Halan often went to the theatre. Thus, his obsession with this art was born, which in the future determined his decision to become a playwright.

Student years

After the war, Halan returned to Galicia, which was annexed into the

Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I ...

after the

Treaty of Riga The Treaty of Riga was signed in Riga, Latvia, on between Poland on one side and Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine on the other, ending the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921). The chief negotiators of ...

. In 1922, he graduated from the Peremyshl Ukrainian Gymnasium. He then studied at the

Trieste Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...

Higher Trade School in Italy, and in 1922 enrolled in the

University of Vienna The University of Vienna (, ) is a public university, public research university in Vienna, Austria. Founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, Duke Rudolph IV in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and among the largest ...

. In 1926, he transferred to the

Jagiellonian University The Jagiellonian University (, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by Casimir III the Great, King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the List of oldest universities in con ...

Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...

, from which he graduated in 1928 (according to some sources he didn't pass the final exams). Halan then began working as a teacher of the

Polish language Polish (, , or simply , ) is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic subgroup, within the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family, and is written in the Latin script. It is primarily spo ...

and

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, Play (theatre), plays, and poetry, poems. It includes both print and Electroni ...

at a private gymnasium in

Lutsk Lutsk (, ; see #Names and etymology, below for other names) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of Lutsk Raion within the oblast. Lutsk has a populati ...

. However, ten months later he was banned from teaching due to political concerns. In his student years, Halan became active in left-wing politics. While at the University of Vienna he became a member of the workers' community ("Unity"), overseen by the

Communist Party of Austria The Communist Party of Austria (, KPÖ) is a communist party in Austria. Established in 1918 as the Communist Party of Republic of German-Austria, German-Austria (KPDÖ), it is one of the world's oldest Communist party, communist parties. The KP� ...

. From 1924, he was actively involved in resisting Polish rule in western Ukraine as a member of the

. He joined the CPWU when he was on vacation in Przemyśl. Later, while studying in Kraków, he was elected a deputy chairman of the student group, which was controlled by the

Communist Party of Poland The interwar Communist Party of Poland (, KPP) was a communist party active in Poland during the Second Polish Republic. It resulted from a December 1918 merger of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) and the ...

Creativity and political struggle in Poland

In the 1920s, Halan's creative activity also began. In 1927, he finished work on his first significant play, ''Don Quixote from Ettenheim''. In his play ''99%'' (1930), he condemned Ukrainian nationalism. This was followed by emphasis of class conflict in the plays ''Cargo'' (1930) and ''Cell'' (1932), which argued for the Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish proletariat to work together. Halan's play ''99%'' was staged by the semi-legal Lviv Workers' Theatre. On the eve of the premiere, Polish authorities launched a campaign of mass arrest against Western Ukrainian communists, sending them to the Lutsk prison. As the theatre's director and one of the key actors were arrested, the premiere was on the verge of failure. Despite the risks of being arrested, the workers continued rehearsing so that the play was presented with a delay of only one day. About 600 workers attended the premiere; for them, it was a form of protest mobilisation against repression and nationalism. Halan was one of the founders of the Ukrainian proletarian writers' group ''

Horno ( ; ) is a mud adobe-built outdoor oven used by the Native Americans and the early settlers of North America. Originally introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, it was quickly adopted and carried to all Spanish-occupied lands. The has ...

''. From 1927 to 1932, along with other communist writers and members of the CPWU, he worked for the Lviv-based Ukrainian magazine ''Vikna,'' being a member of its editorial board, until it was closed by government censors. Living in the Polish-controlled city of Lviv, Halan translated novels from

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

into Polish to earn a living. In 1932, he moved to Nyzhniy Bereviz, the native village of his wife, located in the

Carpathian mountains The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Ural Mountains, Urals at and the Scandinav ...

, close to

Kolomyia Kolomyia (, ), formerly known as Kolomea, is a city located on the Prut, Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in the west of Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion, hosting the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada ...

, where he worked on his own plays, stories and articles. In the village he spread communist agitation among peasants, creating cells of the

International Red Aid International Red Aid (also commonly known by its Russian acronym MOPR) was an international social-service organization. MOPR was founded in 1922 by the Communist International to function as an "international political Red Cross", providing ma ...

and the Committee for Famine Relief. Without opportunities to find work, he lived in the countryside until June 1935, when he was summoned by the CPWU to return to Lviv. Halan was denied Soviet citizenship in 1935. In 1935, Halan traveled extensively around

Prykarpattia Prykarpattia () is a Ukrainian term for Ciscarpathia, a physical geographical region for the northeastern Carpathian foothills.Vortman, D. Prykarpattia (ПРИКАРПАТТЯ)'. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. Located at the outer foot of ...

, giving speeches to peasants. He became an experienced propagandist and agitator. Addressing the city workers, Halan explained to them the main points of

Marxist theory Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew f ...

. In particular, he held lectures on

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ;"Engels"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'', and

Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet '' The Communist Manifesto'' (written with Friedrich Engels) ...

's ''

Wage Labour and Capital "Wage Labour and Capital" (German: ''Lohnarbeit und Kapital'') was an 1847 lecture by the critic of political economy and philosopher Karl Marx, first published as articles in the '' Neue Rheinische Zeitung'' in April 1849. It is widely considere ...

''. Together with the young communist writer Olexa Havryliuk, Halan organized safe houses, wrote leaflets and proclamations, and transferred illegal literature to Lviv. Throughout his political career, the writer was repeatedly persecuted, and twice imprisoned (for the first time in 1934). He was one of the organizers of the Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers in May 1936. Halan also took part in a major political demonstration on 16 April 1936 in Lviv, in which the crowd was fired on by Polish police (in total, thirty workers were killed and two hundred injured). Halan devoted his story ''Golden Arch'' to the memory of fallen comrades. Participation in the Anti-Fascist Congress forced him to escape from Lviv to

Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...

, where he eventually found work at the left-wing newspaper ''Dziennik Popularny'', edited by Wanda Wasilewska. In 1937, the newspaper was closed by the authorities, and on 8 April, Halan was accused of illegal communist activism and sent to prison in Warsaw (later transferred to Lviv). Released in December 1937, Halan lived in Lviv under strict supervision by the police, and remained unemployed until 1939. In 1937, his elder brother, a member of the CPWU, died in Lviv. After the

and the

, as its autonomous organization, were dissolved by the

Comintern The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern and also known as the Third International, was a political international which existed from 1919 to 1943 and advocated world communism. Emerging from the collapse of the Second Internatio ...

on trumped-up accusations of spying for Poland in 1938, Halan's first wife Anna Henyk (also a member of the CPWU), who was studying at the Kharkiv Medical Institute,

USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

, was arrested by the

NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) se ...

and executed in the

Great Purge The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (), also known as the Year of '37 () and the Yezhovshchina ( , ), was a political purge in the Soviet Union that took place from 1936 to 1938. After the Assassination of Sergei Kirov, assassination of ...

In Soviet Lviv

After the Soviet Union annexed Western Ukraine and

Western Belarus Western Belorussia or Western Belarus (; ; ) is a historical region of modern-day Belarus which belonged to the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period. For twenty years before the 1939 invasion of Poland, it was the northern part of th ...

in September 1939, Halan worked for the newspaper ''Vilna Ukraina'', directed the Maria Zankovetska Theatre, and wrote more than 100 pamphlets and articles on changes taking place in the reunified lands of Western Ukraine. In November 1939, Halan went to Kharkiv to try to locate his vanished wife Anna Henyk. Together with the writer Yuri Smolych he came to the dormitory of the Medical Institute, and asked the porter for any information about her fate. The porter only gave him back a suitcase with Anna's belongings and said that she had been arrested by the NKVD, in response to which Halan burst into tears. In June 1941, being a journalist of the newspaper ''Vilna Ukraina'', he took his first professional vacation in

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

. This was interrupted by the beginning of

Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along ...

on 22 June of that year.

War period

When the war on the Eastern Front began, Halan arrived in Kharkiv and went to the

military commissariat A military commissariat (from , shortened as ), is an institution that is part of military service or law enforcement mechanisms in some European countries. As part of the British Army in the 19th century, military commissariats were used for ...

, having a strong desire to become a volunteer of the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...

and to go to the frontline, but was denied. He was evacuated to Ufa. In September 1941, Alexander Fadeyev summoned him to

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

for working at the Polish-language magazine ''Nowe Horyzonty.'' In the days of the

Battle for Moscow The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II, between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated H ...

, on 17 October, he was evacuated to

Kazan Kazan; , IPA: Help:IPA/Tatar, ɑzanis the largest city and capital city, capital of Tatarstan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka (river), Kazanka Rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1. ...

. Later the writer arrived in

Saratov Saratov ( , ; , ) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River. Saratov had a population of 901,361, making it the List of cities and tow ...

, where he served as a radio host at the Taras Shevchenko Radio Station. Then he was a special front-line correspondent of the newspaper ''Sovietskaya Ukraina'', and then ''Radianska Ukraina''. In 1943, in Moscow, he met his future second wife Maria Krotkova, who was an artist. In October 1943, the publishing house ''Moscovskiy Bolshevik'' released a collection of 15 war stories by Halan under the title ''Front on Air''. At the end of the year, Halan moved to the recently liberated Kharkiv and worked there on the frontline radio station Dnipro.

Post-war

Halan, as a correspondent of the ''Radianska Ukraina'' newspaper, represented the Soviet Union at the

Nuremberg trials #REDIRECT Nuremberg trials {{redirect category shell, {{R from other capitalisation{{R from move ...

in 1946. Halan often wrote about the

Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN; ) was a Ukrainian nationalist organization established on February 2, 1929 in Vienna, uniting the Ukrainian Military Organization with smaller, mainly youth, radical nationalist right-wing groups ...

, condemning them as murderers and war criminals. He privately expressed resentment for this as outside of his field, but continued to write and publish anti-nationalist literature. In his last satirical pamphlets Yaroslav Halan criticized the nationalistic and clerical reaction (particularly, the

Greek Catholic Church Greek Catholic Church or Byzantine-Catholic Church may refer to: * The Catholic Church in Greece * The Eastern Catholic Churches that use the Byzantine Rite, also known as the Greek Rite: ** The Albanian Greek Catholic Church ** The Belarusian Gre ...

and the anti-Communist doctrine of the

Holy See The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...

): ''Their Face'' (1948), ''In the service of Satan'' (1948), ''In the Face of Facts'' (1949), ''Father of Darkness and His Henchmen'' (1949), ''The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood'' (1949, in Polish), ''Twilight of the Alien Gods'' (1948), ''What Should Not Be Forgotten'' (1947), ''The Vatican Without Mask'' (1949) etc. When the Holy See discovered that Halan planned to publish his new

anti-clerical Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in Christian traditions has been opposed to the influence of Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, ...

pamphlet ''The Father of Darkness and His Henchmen'',

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII (; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent p ...

excommunicated him in July 1949. In response to this, Halan wrote a pamphlet ''I Spit on the Pope'', that caused a significant resonance within the Church and among believers. In the pamphlet he ironised on the '' Decree against Communism'' released by the Vatican on 1 July, in which the Holy See had threatened to excommunicate all members of the Communist parties and active supporters of the Communists:

Assassination

Halan was assassinated on 24 October 1949 in his home office, which was situated at Hvadiyska street in Lviv. He received eleven blows to the head with an axe. His blood spilled on the manuscript of his new article, ''Greatness of the Liberated Human'', which celebrated the tenth anniversary of the Soviet annexation of western Ukraine. The killers – two students of the Lviv Forestry Technical Institute, Ilariy Lukashevych and Mykhailo Stakhur – were accused of orchestrating the assassination at the behest of the OUN's leadership. On the eve of the murder Lukashevych gained the writer's confidence, so the students were let into the house. They came to the apartment under the pretext of being discriminated against at the university and seeking his help. When Lukashevych gave a signal, Stakhur attacked the writer with the axe. After Stakhur was convinced that Halan was dead, they tied up the housekeeper and escaped. The Ministry of the State Security (MGB) accused the Ukrainian nationalists of his murder, while the OUN claimed that it was a Soviet provocation in order to start a new wave of repressions against locals.

Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and the Premier of the Soviet Union, Chai ...

, the leader of the Ukrainian SSR at that time, took personal control of the investigation. In 1951, the MGB agent

Bohdan Stashynsky Bohdan Mykolayovych Stashynsky or Bogdan Nikolayevich Stashinsky (; Russian: Богдáн Николáевич Сташи́нский; born 4 November 1931) is a former Soviet spy who assassinated the Ukrainian nationalist leaders Lev Rebet ...

infiltrated into the OUN underground network and managed to find Stakhur, who himself bragged about the assassination of Halan. He was arrested on 10 July, and afterwards fully admitted his responsibility for the crime during the trial. According to Stakhur, he did that because of the writer's critical statements on the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists,

and the Vatican. On 16 October 1951 the military tribunal of the

Carpathian Military District The Red Banner Carpathian Military District (, ) was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces during the Cold War and subsequently of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the early Post-Soviet period. It was established on 3 May 1946 on the ...

sentenced Mykhailo Stakhur to death by hanging. He was executed that day. Since the

dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...

, the role of the UPA in Halan's assassination has increasingly come under scrutiny. Historian David R. Marples has noted that the methods of the assassination were more similar to the prior killing of

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,; ; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky'' was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure ...

, which was organised by Soviet intelligence, than typical OUN or UPA assassinations; in contrast to the usage of an axe by Halan's killers, the OUN usually conducted its killings with firearms. Petro Duzhyi, a soldier of the UPA, claimed in a 1993 interview with historian Mykola Oleksyuk that Timofei Strokach expressed a desire to have Halan killed; according to Duzhyi, Strokach had said during an interrogation that Halan's support for arresting the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church's leadership had sparked a popular uprising. Ukrainian literary historian Yuliia Kysla also describes the assassination as a false-flag operation, referring to Lukashevych and Stakhur as being part of one of many groups which were supposedly part of the UPA, but were actually under the control of the Soviet government. Vasyl Kuk, the leader of the UPA, would continue to claim that the assassination had been organised by the MGB in interviews after the Soviet Union's dissolution. The possibility that he was assassinated by the OUN or UPA, however, has not been conclusively ruled out. Dmitry Vedeneyev and Sergei Shevchenko, writers for the Ukrainian newspaper ''2000'', compared Halan to

Salman Rushdie Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie ( ; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British and American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern wor ...

in 2002 in reference to the latter's ''Satanic Verses'' controversy and noted that Halan's criticism of the Catholic Church made him extremely unpopular in deeply-religious Galicia. Marples also notes that there are several problems with most accounts of Halan's assassination and the aftermath, arguing that it is effectively impossible to determine who was responsible for his assassination given that he was equally loathed by both the Soviet government and the UPA at the time of his death. The assassination of Halan resulted in increased repression of the UPA, which continued its insurgency against the Soviet government. All the leadership of the MGB arrived in Lviv,

Pavel Sudoplatov Pavel Anatolyevich Sudoplatov (; ; July 7, 1907 – September 24, 1996) was a senior Soviet official in the intelligence services of the former Soviet Union whose career spanned over 34 years in the different intelligence branches of the Soviet A ...

himself worked there for several months. One of the consequences of the murder of Halan was the elimination of the UPA leader

Roman Shukhevych Roman-Taras Osypovych Shukhevych (, also known by his pseudonym, Tur and Taras Chuprynka; 30 June 1907 – 5 March 1950) was a Ukrainian nationalism, Ukrainian nationalist and a military leader of the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) ...

four months later.

Evaluations by contemporaries

"Yaroslav Halan is a talented publicist, was a progressive writer in the past. Nowadays he still is the most advanced one among ocalnon-party writers. But he's infected with the Western European bourgeois "spirit". Has little respect for Soviet people. Considers them not civilized enough. But just inwardly. In general terms, he understands the policy of the party, but in his opinion, the party makes great mistakes with regards to peasants in Western Ukraine. Halan places responsibility for these mistakes on the regional committee of the CPSU(b), local institutions of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs An interior ministry or ministry of the interior (also called ministry of home affairs or ministry of internal affairs) is a government department that is responsible for domestic policy, public security and law enforcement. In some states, the i ...
and the local Soviet authorities. Believes in Moscow. Doesn't want to join the party (he was advised to) due to being an individualist, and also in order to keep his hands, mind, and words free. He thinks if he joins the party, he will lose this reedom"

Extract from the report of the literary critic G. Parkhomenko to the Central Committee of the
Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine The Communist Party of Ukraine (, КПУ, ''KPU''; ) was the founding and ruling political party of the Ukrainian SSR operated as a republican branch (union republics) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).Pyrih, R. Communist Par ...
, 15 December 1947.

In 1962, in

Toronto Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...

, Olexandr Matla, aka Petro Tereschuk, a pro-nationalist historian from the

Ukrainian diaspora in Canada Ukrainian may refer or relate to: * Ukraine, a country in Eastern Europe * Ukrainians, an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine * Demographics of Ukraine * Ukrainian culture, composed of the material and spiritual values of the Ukrainian peopl ...

, published the brochure ''History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan)'', in which he accused Halan of being an informer of both Polish and Soviet intelligence services, and of helping them to oppress nationalists and even some pro-Soviet writers from Western Ukraine such as Anton Krushelnytsky, who moved from Lviv to Kharkiv in the 1930s and was killed during the

Great Terror The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (), also known as the Year of '37 () and the Yezhovshchina ( , ), was a political purge in the Soviet Union that took place from 1936 to 1938. After the assassination of Sergei Kirov by Leonid Nikolaev ...

"
alan Alan may refer to: People *Alan (surname), an English and Kurdish surname * Alan (given name), an English given name ** List of people with given name Alan ''Following are people commonly referred to solely by "Alan" or by a homonymous name.'' * ...
has used his undeniable publicistic talent to serve the enemy, thereby placing himself outside the Ukrainian people. He has directed his energy and creative mind against his own people and their interests. An outrageous egoist, egocentrist, money lover, slanderer, cynic, provocator, agent of two intelligence services, misanthrope, falsificator, speculator, and an informer are all the characteristics of Yaroslav Halan."

Petro Tereschuk, History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan), Canadian League for Ukraine's Liberation, Toronto, 1962.

"Yaroslav is an erudite, artist, polemicist, politician and undoubtedly an international-level journalist. I was amazed at his knowledge of the languages: German, French, Italian, Polish, Jewish, Russian. Picking up any newspaper or document he leafs through, reads it and writes something down. I was also surprised by his efficiency in work, interest in everything, an exceptional ability to "seek" and "raise" topics, problems, his persistent work on processing the material."

Yuri Yanovsky, a Ukrainian Soviet writer, who worked with Halan at the Nuremberg Trial in 1946.

"n 1949 I witnessed an unusual event. On 2 October Yaroslav Halan spoke in Lviv University. It turned out to be his last speech. We condemned him but his presentation surprised me. He spoke as an intelligent person defending Ukrainian culture. It had nothing to do with the series of his pamphlets "I spit on Pope!" Halan turned out to be a totally different man. Several days later he was killed."

Mykhailo Horyn, a Ukrainian anti-Communist
dissident A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 2 ...
.

Homage

* In 1954, the movie ''It Shouldn't Be Forgotten'', based on Yaroslav Halan's life events, with

Sergei Bondarchuk Sergei Fyodorovich Bondarchuk (25 September 192020 October 1994) was a Soviet and Russian actor and filmmaker of Ukrainian origin who was one of the leading figures of Soviet cinema in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He is known for his sweeping p ...

in the main role was filmed. In 1973, another movie based on the biography of Halan ''Until the Last Minute'' with

Vladislav Dvorzhetsky Vladislav Vatslavovich Dvorzhetsky (, 26 April 1939 – 28 May 1978) was a Soviet film actor. He appeared in eighteen films between 1970 and 1978. Dvorzhetsky was born in Omsk. In 1955 he entered the Omsk military medical school. In 1959 he ...

in the main role was released. *In 1969, the studio Ukrkinokhronika filmed the documentary ''Yaroslav Halan'' about the life of the writer. *The Dovzhenko Film Studios, in 1958, filmed Halan's work ''Under the Golden Eagle'', but the film wasn't released as "too anti-American". Writer's work '' The Mountains are Smoking'' was filmed in 1989 by the Ukrtelefilm studio. * In 1962, 1970 and 1976, the USSR Post issued postal envelopes with a portrait of Yaroslav Halan. * A huge monument to Yaroslav Halan was installed in

Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...

in 1972. Besides, the square where the monument was situated was named after Halan. In 1992, on the eve of the Vatican officials' visit, the local authorities demolished the monument, and its metal was used for constructing a monument to the

Prosvita Prosvita (), since 1991 officially known as All-Ukrainian Prosvita Society named after Taras Shevchenko () is an enlightenment society aimed to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture, education and science, that was created in the nineteenth cen ...

, a nationalist organization which Halan fought with. There was another monument to the writer in the city Park of Culture installed in 1957 and demolished in the 1960s. A monument to Halan also existed in

Drohobych Drohobych ( ; ; ) is a city in the south of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Drohobych Raion and hosts the administration of Drohobych urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In 1939–1941 and 1944–1959 it w ...

, Lviv Region. Demolished in the 1990s. * In 1960, Halan's personal apartment at Hvardiyska street, 18, where he lived in 1944-1949, was turned into his personal museum. The museum stored writer's personal belongings, documents, and materials about his literary and social activity, publications of his works. In the 1990s, it was under threat of closure, but eventually, it was transformed into the museum Literary Lviv of the First Half of the XX Century. *From 1964 to 1991, the ''Yaroslav Halan Prize'' was awarded by the

Writers' Union of Ukraine The National Writers' Union of Ukraine () (''НСПУ'') is a voluntary social-creative association of professional writers, poets, prose writers, playwrights, critics, and translators. History The National Writers' Union of Ukraine was found ...

for the best propagandistic journalism. *In 1979, the

Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic () was the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, government (1946–1991). The council replaced the Council of People's C ...

established the ''Yaroslav Halan Scholarship'' for talented students of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University and Ivan Franko Lviv State University. *In the 1970s, in Lviv Region, there was a network of 450

atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

clubs named after Yaroslav Halan. *Halan's works in three volumes were published in Kyiv in 1977–1978. *From 1967 to 1987, the Lviv-based publisher ''Kameniar'' issued the anti-fascist and anti-clerical almanac ''Post Named After Yaroslav Halan''. In total, 22 issues were published. * The streets named after Yaroslav Halan existed in

Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...

Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.

Kryvyi Rih Kryvyi Rih ( ; , ), also known as Krivoy Rog ( ), is a city in central Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kryvyi Rih Raion and its subordinate Kryvyi Rih urban hromada in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The city is part of the Kryvyi Rih Metropo ...

Odesa Odesa, also spelled Odessa, is the third most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern ...

Chernihiv Chernihiv (, ; , ) is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine ...

Dnipro Dnipro is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnieper River, Dnipro River, from which it takes its name. Dnipro is t ...

Khmelnytskyi Khmelnytskyi (, ) is a city in western Ukraine. Located on the Southern Bug, it serves as the administrative centre of Khmelnytskyi Oblast as well as Khmelnytskyi Raion within the oblast. With a population of Khmelnytskyi is the second-larges ...

Poltava Poltava (, ; , ) is a city located on the Vorskla, Vorskla River in Central Ukraine, Central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Poltava Oblast as well as Poltava Raion within the oblast. It also hosts the administration of Po ...

Cherkasy Cherkasy (, ) is a city in central Ukraine. Cherkasy serves as the administrative centre of Cherkasy Oblast as well as Cherkasy Raion within the oblast. The city has a population of Cherkasy is the cultural, educational and industrial centre ...

Chernivtsi Chernivtsi (, ; , ;, , see also #Names, other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Bukovina, which is now divided between Romania and Ukraine, Chernivt ...

, Kalush, Nikopol,

Uzhgorod Uzhhorod (, ; , ; , ) is a city and municipality on the Uzh River in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the Black Sea (650– ...

Mukachevo Mukachevo (, ; , ; see name section) is a city in Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. It is situated in the valley of the Latorica River and serves as the administrative center of Mukachevo Raion. The city is a rail terminus and highway junct ...

, Berzhany,

Korosten Korosten (, ), also historically known as Iskorosten (), is a historic city and a large transport hub in Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. It is located on the Uzh (Pripyat), Uzh River. Korosten serves as the Capital city, administrative center ...

, and Novograd Volynskyi but they were renamed within the campaign against the Soviet memorial legacy.Hero of the Heavenly sotnia Ustym Holodniuk became an honorary citizen of the city Berezhany. Posthumously
Beyond Zbruch. 28 March 2014 In Soviet times, in

, the name of Yaroslav Halan was given to the street where he worked at the ''Taras Shevchenko Radio Station''. After the USSR collapsed, the street recovered it historical name Proviantskaya. * In

Donetsk Donetsk ( , ; ; ), formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (or Hughesovka), Stalin, and Stalino, is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine located on the Kalmius River in Donetsk Oblast, which is currently occupied by Russia as the capita ...

Luhansk Luhansk (, ; , ), also known as Lugansk (, ; , ), is a city in the Donbas in eastern Ukraine. As of 2022, the population was estimated to be making Luhansk the Cities in Ukraine, 12th-largest city in Ukraine. Luhansk served as the administra ...

, Enakievo,

Torez Chystiakove (, ; ), formerly Torez (Ukrainian and ) until 2016, is a city in Donetsk Oblast, in eastern Ukraine. The city is a center of the regional coal industry and much of its economy relies on mining, despite a recent drop in the number of ...

Shostka Shostka (, ) is a city in Sumy Oblast, northeastern Ukraine. Shostka serves as the administrative center of Shostka Raion. Population: The city lies on the Shostka River, a tributary of the Desna (river), Desna, from which it gets its name. Sho ...

, and

, there are still the streets bearing the name of Halan. *The Lviv Regional Theatre of Drama (

) and Kolomyia Regional Theatre of Drama (

) received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s. * The Ternopil Pedagogical Institute and Lutsk Pedagogical College received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s. * The Lviv Regional Library for Adults, established by the Soviet authorities in the Besyadetski Palace building, and Kyiv Regional Library for Youth received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s. One of the district libraries in

Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.

still bears the writer's name. *In 1954, the Yaroslav Halan Cinema was built in Lychakiv district, Lviv. Renamed in the 1990s, nowadays abandoned. *Halan's name was given to

kolkhoz A kolkhoz ( rus, колхо́з, a=ru-kolkhoz.ogg, p=kɐlˈxos) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz. These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to eme ...

es in the following villages: Vuzlove (

Radekhiv Raion Radekhiv Raion () was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Radekhiv. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv ...

, Lviv Oblast), Dytiatychi ( Mostyska Raion, Lviv Region), Mistky (

Pustomyty Raion Pustomyty Raion () was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was the city of Pustomyty. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of ...

, Lviv Oblast), Turynka ( Zhovkva Raion, Lviv Oblast) Volodymyrivka ( Domanivka Raion,

Mykolaiv Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast (, ), also referred to as Mykolaivshchyna (, ), is an administrative divisions of Ukraine, oblast (province) of Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Mykolaiv. At the most recent estimate, the population ...

), Seredniy Bereziv (

Kosiv Raion Kosiv Raion () is a raion (district) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast of Ukraine. The city of Kosiv is the administrative center of the raion. Its population is Subdivisions On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the numb ...

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (), also referred to as Ivano-Frankivshchyna () or simply Frankivshchyna, is an administrative divisions of Ukraine, oblast (region) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. It has a pop ...

), Hnylytsi (

Pidvolochysk Raion Pidvolochysk Raion () was a raion (district) in Ternopil Oblast in western Ukraine. Its capital (political), administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Pidvolochysk. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative ...

Ternopil Oblast Ternopil Oblast (), also referred to as Ternopilshchyna () or Ternopillia (), is an Oblasts of Ukraine, oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its Capital (political), administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret (river), Seret, a tribu ...

). * The name of Yaroslav Halan was given to a passenger steamer of the Belsky river shipping company, which operated on the

- Ufa line. Currently out of use. * In 2012, the

Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine The Verkhovna Rada ( ; VR), officially the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, is the unicameralism, unicameral parliament of Ukraine. It consists of 450 Deputy (legislator), deputies presided over by a speaker. The Verkhovna Rada meets in the Verkhovn ...

adopted the resolution ''About the celebration of the 110th anniversary of the birth of the famous Ukrainian anti-fascist writer Yaroslav Oleksandrovych Halan''. File:Львів, Личаківське кладовище, Могила Галана Я. О., українського письменника, публіциста.jpg, ''Writer's grave at the

Lychakiv Cemetery Lychakiv Cemetery (; ), officially State History and Culture Museum-Reserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" (), is a historic cemetery in Lviv, Ukraine. History Since its creation in 1787 as Łyczakowski Cemetery, it has been the main necropolis of the c ...

'' File:Lviv Heroiv Maidanu 18 RB.jpg, ''Halan's house in Lviv at Havrdiyska str. 18'' File:Kharkov, Galana Street.jpg, ''Former Yaroslav Halan street in

Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.

(renamed in 2016)'' File:Луцьк, Житловий будинок — будинок колишньої гімназії де працював вчителем Я. Галан, вул. Б.Хмельницького 12.jpg, ''Former building of the Ukrainian gymnasium of

where Halan worked.''

Awards

Order of the Badge of Honour The Order of the Badge of Honour () was a civilian award of the Soviet Union. It was established on 25 November 1935, and was conferred on citizens of the USSR for outstanding achievements in sports, production, scientific research and socia ...

– twice * Stalin Prize of the 2nd class (1952, posthumously) * Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

Works

Plays

* Don Quixote from Ettenheim (1927) * 99% (1930) * Cargo (1930) * Veronika (1930) * Cell (1932) * They Decide (1934) * Vienna Speaks (1935, lost) * Shumi Maritsa (1942, in Russian) * Under the Golden Eagle (1947) * Love at Dawn (1949, published in 1951) * Bozhena Shramek (unfinished)

Stories and articles (selected)

* Unforgettable Days (1930) * Punishment (1932) * Three Deaths (1932) * Virgin Lands (1932) * Unknown Petro (1932) * Savko Is Flooded With Blood (1935) * Dead Are Fighting (1935) * The Mountains are Smoking (1938, in Polish) * On the Bridge (1940) * Yoasia (1940) * Forget-Me-Not (1940) * Grandfather Martyn (1940) * Jenny (1941) * Miss Mccarty is Losing Faith (1946) *School (1946)

Pamphlets (selected)

* With Cross or With Knife (1945) * Their Face (1947) * What Should Not Be Forgotten, (1947) * In the service of Satan (1948) * Twilight of the Alien Gods (1948, in Russian) * In the Face of Facts (1949) * Father of Darkness And His Henchmen (1949) * The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood (1949, in Polish) * The Vatican Without Mask (1949) * I Spit on the Pope (1949)

Single books

* Front on Air (1943, radio speeches)

Translations

* The War Widow, by

Leonhard Frank Leonhard Frank (4 September 1882 in Würzburg – 18 August 1961 in Munich) was a German expressionist writer. He studied painting and graphic art in Munich, and gained acclaim with his first novel ''The Robber Band'' (1914, tr. 1928). When a Be ...

(1932, from German into Ukrainian) * Three Domobrans, by

Miroslav Krleža Miroslav Krleža (; 7 July 1893 – 29 December 1981) was a Croatian writer who is widely considered to be the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century. He wrote notable works in all the literary genres, including poetry ('' The Ballads o ...

(1932, excerpt, from Croatian into Ukrainian) *

The Gadfly ''The Gadfly'' is a novel by Irish-born British writer Ethel Voynich, published in 1897 (United States, June; Great Britain, September of the same year), set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisi ...

, by

Ethel Voynich Ethel Lilian Voynich ( Boole; 11 May 1864 – 27 July 1960) was an Irish-born novelist and musician, and a supporter of several revolutionary causes. She was born in Cork, but grew up in Lancashire, England. Voynich was a significant figure, n ...

(1947, from English into Ukrainian) * The Sisters, by Doriana Slepian (1948, from Russian into Ukrainian)

Adapted Screenplays

* Under the Golden Eagle (1958) * The Mountains are Smoking (1989)

Collected works

English * ''We must not forget''. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1975 * ''Reports from Nuremberg''. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1976 * ''People Without a Homeland: Pamphlets.'' Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1974 * ''Lest People Forget: Pamphlets, Articles and Reports.'' Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1986 Spanish * ''Reportajes de Nuremberg''. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers. 1976 German * "Nürnberg 1945 : Pamphlete". Kiew: Dnipro, 1975. Russian * ''Favorites''. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow: publishing house Sovetskiy Pisatel, 1951. * ''Favorites''. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow: publishing house Sovetskiy Pisatel, 1952. * ''The Vatican Without a Mask''. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, publishing house Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1952. * ''Plays''. Moscow: Iskusstvo. 1956. * ''With Cross or With Knife: Pamphlets''. Moscow: 1962 * ''Light from the East''. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, publishing house Molodaya Guàrdia, 1954. * ''Favorites''. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, Goslitizdat, 1958. Ukrainian * ''Favorites''. Kyiv: publishing house Radianskyi Pysmennyk, 1951. * ''Works''. In 2 volumes. Kyiv: Derzhlitvidav, 1953. * ''Works''. In 3 volumes. Kyiv: Derzhlitvidav, 1960. * ''Unfinished Song''. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers. 1972. * ''Favorites.'' Lviv: Shkilna Biblioteka. 1976 * ''Works: Pamphlets and Fayletons''. Kyiv:Naukova Dumka. 1980. * ''Works''. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. 1980. * ''Dramas''. Lviv: Kameniar. 1981 * ''Favorites.'' Lviv: Kameniar. 1987. Azerbaijani * ''Ukrainian Stories''. Azərnəşr. 1954

External links

(English translation) Halan, Yaroslav. '' Reports from Nuremberg''. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1976 (English translation) Halan. Yaroslav
''I Spit on the Pope!''

on the

Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine The ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' (), published from 1984 to 2001, is a fundamental work of Ukrainian Studies. Development The work was created under the auspices of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Europe (Sarcelles, near Paris). As the ...

Yaroslav Halan
on the

IMDb IMDb, historically known as the Internet Movie Database, is an online database of information related to films, television series, podcasts, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and biograp ...

Yaroslav Halan
on the WorldCat Identities – books publication statistics and other data
Yaroslav Halan
(as ''Yaroslav Galan'') on the

Google Books Ngram Viewer The Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of ''n''-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2022 in Google's text corpora in English, ...

– frequency of mention in English-language books

Bibliography

* ''Беляев В., Ёлкин А.'' Ярослав Галан. – М.: Молодая гвардия, 1971. – (Жизнь замечательных людей) * ''Галан Ярослав'': ''Енциклопедія історії України'': Т. 2. Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. – Київ 2004, "Наукова думка". . * ''Терещенко Петро''. Історія одного зрадника (Ярослва Галан). Торонто: Канадаська ліга за визволення України, 1962. * Галан Ярослав, Спогади про письменника, Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1965. * ''Вальо М. А.'' Ярослав Галан (1902—1949): до 80-річчя з дня народження. Бібліографічний покажчик. – Львів, 1982. * Про Ярослава Галана: Спогади, статті. – К., 1987. * Ярослав Галан – борець за правду і справедливість: Документи // Український історичний журнал. – 1990. – No. 2—3. * ''Рубльов О. С.'', ''Черченко Ю. А.'' Сталінщина й доля західноукраїнської інтелігенції (20—50-ті роки XX ст.) – К., 1994. * ''Бантышев А. Ф.'', ''Ухаль А. М.'' Убийство на заказ: кто же организовал убийство Ярослава Галана? Опыт независимого расследования. – Ужгород, 2002. * ''Цегельник Я.'' Славен у віках. Образ Львова у спадщині Я. Галана // Жовтень. – 1982. – No. 3 (449). – С. 72—74. – . * "Боротьба трудящихся Львівщини проти Нiмецько-фашистьских загарбників". Львів, вид-во "Вільна Україна", 1949. * ''Буряк Борис'', Ярослав Галан. В кн.: Галан Я., Избранное. М., Гослитиздат, 1958, стр. 593–597. * ''Даниленко С.'', Дорогою ганьби і зради. К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1970. * ''Довгалюк Петро'', В кн.: Галан Я., Твори в трьох томах, К., Держлітвидав, 1960, стр. 5–44. * ''Добрич Володимир'', У тіні святого Юра. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968. * ''Евдокименко В. Ю.'', Критика ідейних основ украінського буржуазного націоналізму. К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1967. * ''Ёлкин Анатолий'', Ярослав Галан в борьбе с католической и американской реакцией. "Вестник Ленинградского университета", 1951, No. 10, стр. 85–100. * ''Елкин Анатолий'', Ярослав Галан. (Новые материалы.) "Звезда", 1952, No. 7, стр. 163–172. * ''Елкин Анатолий'', Библиография противоватиканских работ Я. А. Галана. В кн.: "Вопросы истории религии и атеизма". М., изд-во АН СССР, т. 2, 1954, стр. 288–292. * ''Елкин Анатолий'', Ярослав Галан. Очерк жизни и творчества. М., изд-во "Советский писатель", 1955. * ''Елкин Анатолий'', Степан Тудор. Критико-биографич. очерк. М., изд-во "Советский писатель", 1956. * ''Замлинський Володимир'', Шлях чорної зради. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1969. * ''Косач Юрий'', Вид феодалізму до неофашизму. Нью-Йорк, 1962. * "Людьскоі крові не змити". Книга фактів. К, 1970. * ''Мельничук Ю.,'' Ярослав Галан. Львівске кн. – журн. вид-во, 1953. * ''Млинченко К. М.'', Зброєю полум'яного слова. К., вид-во АН УССР, 1963. * ''Млот Франтишек'', Мешок иуд, или Разговор о клерикализме. Краков, 1911. На польском языке. * ''Полевой Борис''. В конце концов. М., изд-во "Советская Россия", 1969. * "Пост имени Ярослава Галана". Сборник. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1967. * "Правда про унію". Документи і матеріяли. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968. * ''Терлиця Марко,'' "Правнуки погані". Киев, изд-во "Радянський письменник", 1960. * ''Терлиця Марко.'' Націоналістичі скорпіони. Киев, изд-во "Радянський письменник", 1963. * "Ті, що канули в пітьму". Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968. * ''Ткачев П. И.'', Вечный бой. Минск, изд-во БГУ, 1970. * ''Цегельник Яків'', В кн.: Галан Ярослав, Спогади про письменника. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1965. * ''Чередниченко В.'', Націоналізм против націі. К., 1970.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halan, Yaroslav 1902 births 1949 deaths People from Dynów Journalists from Lviv 20th-century Ukrainian writers 20th-century Ukrainian journalists 20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights 20th-century Ukrainian translators Ukrainian male writers Ukrainian writers in Polish Ukrainian dramatists and playwrights Soviet dramatists and playwrights Polish male dramatists and playwrights Socialist realism writers Pamphleteers Polish translators German–Polish translators Polish publicists Soviet journalists Ukrainian satirists Polish satirists Ukrainian radio journalists Soviet propagandists Recipients of the Stalin Prize Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians Writers from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Jagiellonian University alumni University of Vienna alumni Ukrainian radio presenters Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery Assassinated Ukrainian journalists Assassinated Soviet people Assassinated Ukrainian politicians Communist Party of Western Ukraine members Ukrainian communists Polish communists People killed by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists People murdered in the Soviet Union Ukrainian anti-fascists Political violence in Ukraine Politicians assassinated in the 1940s