Wallflower (Peter Gabriel Song)

''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole or in part. ''Erysimum'' has since the early 21st century been ascribed to a monogeneric cruciferous tribe, Erysimeae, characterised by sessile, stellate (star-shaped) and/or malpighiaceous (two-sided) trichomes, yellow to orange flowers and multiseeded siliques.

Morphology

Wallflowers are annuals, herbaceous perennials or sub-shrubs. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as biennials. Most species have stems erect, somewhat winged, canescent with an indumentum of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53 cm × 2–3 mm in size, and t-shaped trichomes. The leaves are narrow and sessile. The lower leaves are linear to oblanceolate pinnatifid with backwardly directed lobes, acute, 50–80 mm × 0.5–3 mm. Stem leaves are linear, entire, all canescent with 2-fid hairs; 21–43 mm × 1.5–2 mm. Inflorescences are produced in racemes, with bright yellow to red or pink bilateral and hermaphrodite, hypogynous and ebracteate flowers. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. One species, ''Erysimum semperflorens'', native to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The floral pedicel ranges from 4 to 7 mm. Four free sepals somewhat saccate, light green, 5–7 mm × 1.5–2 mm.

Etymology

The genus name ''Erysimum'' is derived from the Greek word 'Eryo' meaning to drag.

Distribution

Wallflowers are native to southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, Africa (Cabo Verde), Micronesia, and North America through Costa Rica. Many wallflowers are endemic to small areas, such as:
*'' E. etnense'' (Mount Etna)
*'' E. franciscanum'' (north Californian coast)
*'' E. kykkoticum'' (Cyprus – nearly extinct)
*'' E. moranii'' (Guadalupe Island)
*'' E. nevadense'' (the Sierra Nevada of Spain)
*'' E. scoparium'' (the Teide volcano on Tenerife)
*'' E. teretifolium'' (endangered – inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California)

Cultivation

Most wallflower garden cultivars (e.g. ''Erysimum'' 'Chelsea Jacket') are derived from '' E. cheiri'' (often placed in ''Cheiranthus''), from southern Europe. They are often attacked by fungal and bacterial disease, so they are best grown as biennials and discarded after flowering. They are also susceptible to clubroot, a disease of Brassicaceae. Growth is best in dry soils with very good drainage, and they are often grown successfully in loose wall mortar, hence the vernacular name. There is a wide range of flower color in the warm spectrum, including white, yellow, orange, red, pink, maroon, purple and brown. The flowers, appearing in spring, usually have a strong fragrance. Wallflowers are often associated in spring bedding schemes with tulips and forget-me-nots.

The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.

Ecology

''Erysimum'' is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). ''Different Erysimum'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) species including the garden carpet (''Xanthorhoe fluctuata''). In addition, some species of weevils, like ''Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus'', live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some mammalian herbivores, for example mule deer (''Odocoileus hemionus'') in North America, argali ('' Ovis ammon'') in Mongolia, red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex (''Capra pyrenaica'') in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. '' Erysimum crepidifolium'' (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.Bleicher Schöterich (''Erysimum crepidifolium''). In: giftpflanzen.com.
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Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, ''Erysimum scoparium'' is pollinated almost exclusively by ''Anthophora alluadii''.

Defensive compounds

Like most Brassicaceae, species in the genus ''Erysimum'' produce glucosinolates as defensive compounds. However, unlike almost all other genera in the Brassicaceae, ''Erysimum'' also accumulates cardiac glycosides, another class of phytochemicals with an ecological importance in insect defense. Cardiac glycosides specifically function to prevent insect herbivory and/or oviposition by blocking ion channel function in muscle cells. These chemicals are toxic enough to deter generalist, and even some specialist insect herbivores. Cardiac glycoside production is widespread in ''Erysimum'', with at least 48 species in the genus containing these compounds. Accumulation of cardiac glycosides in '' Erysimum crepidifolium'', but not other tested species, is induced by treatment with jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate, endogenous elicitors of chemical defenses in many plant species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that ''Erysimum'' diversification from other Brassicaceae species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the Pliocene

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