The Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway (WS&WR) was an early railway company in south-western England. It obtained an act of Parliament giving powers to build the line in 1845 to build a railway from near
Chippenham
Chippenham is a market town in north-west Wiltshire, England. It lies north-east of Bath, Somerset, Bath, west of London and is near the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town was established on a crossing of the River Avon, ...
in Wiltshire, southward to
Salisbury
Salisbury ( , ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers River Avon, Hampshire, Avon, River Nadder, Nadder and River Bourne, Wi ...
and
Weymouth in
Dorset
Dorset ( ; Archaism, archaically: Dorsetshire , ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South West England. It is bordered by Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north and the north-east, Hampshire to the east, t ...
. It opened the first part of the network but found it impossible to raise further money and sold its line to the
Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
(GWR) in 1850.
The GWR took over the construction and undertook to build an adjacent connecting line; the network was complete in 1857. In the early years of the 20th century the GWR wanted to shorten its route from London to the West of England and built "cut-off" lines in succession to link part of the WS&WR network, so that by 1906 the express trains ran over the
Westbury to
Castle Cary
Castle Cary () is a market town and civil parish in south Somerset, England, north west of Wincanton and south of Shepton Mallet, at the foot of Lodge Hill and on the River Cary, a tributary of the Parrett.
History
The word Cary derives ...
section. In 1933 further improvements were made, and that part of the line was established as part of the "holiday line" to
Devon
Devon ( ; historically also known as Devonshire , ) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is bordered by the Bristol Channel to the north, Somerset and Dorset to the east, the English Channel to the south, and Cornwall to the west ...
and
Cornwall
Cornwall (; or ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South West England. It is also one of the Celtic nations and the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, ...
.
The network was already a major trunk route for coal from South Wales coalfields to southern England, and for
Channel Islands
The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Jersey, Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, ...
farm produce imported through
Weymouth Harbour, as well as providing a boat train route, and carrying flows from
Bristol
Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...
to
Southampton
Southampton is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Hampshire, England. It is located approximately southwest of London, west of Portsmouth, and southeast of Salisbury. Southampton had a population of 253, ...
and
Portsmouth
Portsmouth ( ) is a port city status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Hampshire, England. Most of Portsmouth is located on Portsea Island, off the south coast of England in the Solent, making Portsmouth the only city in En ...
.
Much of the network is in operation today, but the
Devizes
Devizes () is a market town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It developed around Devizes Castle, an 11th-century Norman architecture, Norman castle, and received a charter in 1141. The castle was besieged during the Anarchy, a 12th-cent ...
and
Radstock branches have closed.
Origins

The
Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
(GWR) had opened
its main line from London to
Bristol
Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...
in 1841, and the
London and Southampton Railway
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Tha ...
had opened in 1840; and its successor the
London and South Western Railway
The London and South Western Railway (LSWR, sometimes written L&SWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922. Originating as the London and Southampton Railway, its network extended to Dorchester and Weymouth, to Salisbury, Exete ...
(LSWR) was extending westwards. The advantage to communities connected to the new railways was immediately apparent; in contrast, places remote from these lines felt strongly the disadvantage at which they were placed.
The areas of south-west Wiltshire were prosperous from sheep farming and wool manufacture, and quickly saw that they too needed a railway.
[In fact the original Great Western Railway Act had included a branch from near ]Chippenham
Chippenham is a market town in north-west Wiltshire, England. It lies north-east of Bath, Somerset, Bath, west of London and is near the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town was established on a crossing of the River Avon, ...
to Bradford-on-Avon
Bradford-on-Avon (sometimes Bradford on Avon) is a town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in west Wiltshire (district), Wiltshire, England, near the border with Somerset. The town's canal, historic buildings, shops, pubs and restauran ...
; this did not get built. The LSWR proposed a line from
Basingstoke
Basingstoke ( ) is a town in Hampshire, situated in south-central England across a valley at the source of the River Loddon on the western edge of the North Downs. It is the largest settlement in Hampshire without city status in the United King ...
to
Swindon
Swindon () is a town in Wiltshire, England. At the time of the 2021 Census the population of the built-up area was 183,638, making it the largest settlement in the county. Located at the northeastern edge of the South West England region, Swi ...
, and at this time there was intense rivalry between them and the GWR to control territory: the railway that was first to have a line in an area would have an enormous competitive advantage there, and could often use that line as a base to extend further. The GWR was building its lines on the
broad gauge
A broad-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge (the distance between the rails) broader than the used by standard-gauge railways.
Broad gauge of , more known as Russian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in former Soviet Union countries ...
and the LSWR on what is now the
standard gauge
A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of . The standard gauge is also called Stephenson gauge (after George Stephenson), international gauge, UIC gauge, uniform gauge, normal gauge in Europe, and SGR in East Africa. It is the ...
(referred to at the time as "narrow gauge"), and they were anxious to ensure that any new independent railway should be on their own preferred track gauge; this rivalry is characterised as the "
gauge wars".
The proposed LSWR line to Swindon, the heart of GWR territory, was met with furious opposition, and the GWR promoted two nominally independent lines, the
Berks and Hants Railway and the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway. At the first meeting of the nascent GWR company on 9 July 1844, Charles Alexander Saunders, secretary of the GWR, suggested that the necessary sum of £650,000 could be secured on a GWR guarantee; the GWR would be the lessee of the line, and would directly subscribe half of the capital.
Mission creep
The
Bristol and Exeter Railway
The Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) was an English railway company formed to connect Bristol and Exeter. It was built on the broad gauge and its engineer was Isambard Kingdom Brunel. It opened in stages between 1841 and 1844. It was allied wi ...
(B&ER), a broad gauge line friendly to the GWR, was proposing a line to
Weymouth from its own main line at
Durston, west of
Bridgwater
Bridgwater is a historic market town and civil parish in Somerset, England. The town had a population of 41,276 at the 2021 census. Bridgwater is at the edge of the Somerset Levels, in level and well-wooded country. The town lies along both sid ...
, and the WS&WR promoters decided to add a branch to their own line from
Frome to
Yeovil
Yeovil () is a town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in Somerset, England. It is close to Somerset's southern border with Dorset, west of London, south of Bristol, west of Sherborne and east of Taunton. The population of the bui ...
to meet the B&ER line there, forming a large triangle and making (with the GWR line) a direct route from London to Weymouth. In September 1844 the Board of Trade assented to this addition; this added £350,000 to the capital required: it would now cost £1 million. A month later, at a meeting in Frome on 23 October 1844, the B&ER announced that it had decided to alter the route of its Weymouth branch, running from Durston much further south through
Bridport
Bridport is a market town and civil parish in Dorset, England, inland from the English Channel near the confluence of the River Brit and its tributary the River Asker, Asker. Its origins are Anglo-Saxons, Saxon and it has a long history as a ...
, with a branch to Yeovil. The Yeovil to Weymouth section would not be built, so the WS&WR added that to their own scheme: the capital cost was now to be £1.5 million.
[Derek Phillips, ''The Story of the Westbury to Weymouth Line'', Oxford Publishing Co., Sparkford, 1994, ]
The cities of
Bath
Bath may refer to:
* Bathing, immersion in a fluid
** Bathtub, a large open container for water, in which a person may wash their body
** Public bathing, a public place where people bathe
* Thermae, ancient Roman public bathing facilities
Plac ...
and
Bristol
Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...
felt left out of these connections to the South Coast, and the ''
Taunton Courier'' recorded that a deputation of merchants and traders of Bristol had gone to the Great Western Board; they were not warmly received, and
Hadfield adds in a footnote on the same page that "In fact the
estcurve at Thingley
ear Chippenhamwas specifically authorised (but not built) to give connection between Bath and
Trowbridge
Trowbridge ( ) is the county town of Wiltshire, England; situated on the River Biss in the west of the county, close to the border with Somerset. The town lies south-east of Bath, Somerset, Bath, south-west of Swindon and south-east of Brist ...
."
[Hadfield, page 296]
At this period the
Board of Trade
The Board of Trade is a British government body concerned with commerce and industry, currently within the Department for Business and Trade. Its full title is The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of ...
determined the relative merits of competing proposals, and the huge stakes meant that it was crucial to secure their approval; it was reported in the ''
London Gazette
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Tha ...
'' on 31 Dec 1844 that the Board of Trade were supportive of the WS&WR scheme, provided the GWR sought to construct a connecting line from Bath to join the WS&WR. The GWR immediately undertook to apply for an act of Parliament giving authority for such a line in the 1846 session. However the frenzy of projecting railways at this time was such that the
Kennet and Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of Navigability, navigable river linked by a canal. The name is used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than sol ...
proposed laying broad gauge tracks on each side of their canal; this would be the ''London, Newbury and Bath Direct Railway''. It may have been a startling scheme, but it passed its second reading in Parliament in the 1846 session, when the
Berks and Hants Railway Bill was thrown out. However the Kennet and Avon company was evidently bought off by the GWR, for they dropped their scheme; their minutes of 9 September 1846 record the first instalment of £5,000 having been received in payment.
[Charles Hadfield, ''The Canals of Southern England'', Phoenix House Ltd., London, 1955, page 296][Henry Grote Lewin, ''The Railway Mania and its Aftermath'', Railway Gazette, London, 1936, page 156]
Having deliberated, the Board of Trade announced their decision: they found in favour of the WS&WR scheme, rejecting the LSWR's Swindon line.
The act obtained at last
The Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway obtained its authorising
act of Parliament, the (
8 & 9 Vict. c. liii), on 30 June 1845. It was to be on the same broad gauge as the GWR network, and to run from near
Chippenham
Chippenham is a market town in north-west Wiltshire, England. It lies north-east of Bath, Somerset, Bath, west of London and is near the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town was established on a crossing of the River Avon, ...
to
Salisbury
Salisbury ( , ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers River Avon, Hampshire, Avon, River Nadder, Nadder and River Bourne, Wi ...
, with branches to
Weymouth, Dorset
Weymouth ( ) is a seaside town and civil parish in the Dorset (district), Dorset district, in the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. Situated on a sheltered bay at the mouth of the River Wey, Dorset, River Wey, south of the county town of ...
,
Sherborne
Sherborne is a market town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in north west Dorset, in South West England. It is sited on the River Yeo (South Somerset), River Yeo, on the edge of the Blackmore Vale, east of Yeovil. The parish include ...
,
Devizes
Devizes () is a market town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It developed around Devizes Castle, an 11th-century Norman architecture, Norman castle, and received a charter in 1141. The castle was besieged during the Anarchy, a 12th-cent ...
and
Bradford-on-Avon
Bradford-on-Avon (sometimes Bradford on Avon) is a town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in west Wiltshire (district), Wiltshire, England, near the border with Somerset. The town's canal, historic buildings, shops, pubs and restauran ...
, and a coal branch to
Radstock. In the same session, authorising acts were passed for the
Berks and Hants Railway (
Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of Visual perception, sight or Somatosensory system, touch.
For educators and researchers, reading is a multifacete ...
to
Hungerford and
Basingstoke
Basingstoke ( ) is a town in Hampshire, situated in south-central England across a valley at the source of the River Loddon on the western edge of the North Downs. It is the largest settlement in Hampshire without city status in the United King ...
, sponsored by the GWR) and the
Taunton to Yeovil branch of the B&ER.
[
The routes of the line had been designed in some haste, and after passage of the act a number of modifications were decided upon; the initially planned GWR route for connecting ]Bath
Bath may refer to:
* Bathing, immersion in a fluid
** Bathtub, a large open container for water, in which a person may wash their body
** Public bathing, a public place where people bathe
* Thermae, ancient Roman public bathing facilities
Plac ...
to the WS&WR had been from the Radstock branch to Twerton, west of Bath, but on 7 October 1845 Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Isambard Kingdom Brunel ( ; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th-century engi ...
, engineer to the GWR and the WS&WR, reported that a better route was through the Avon valley from Bradford to Bathampton
Bathampton () is a village and Civil parishes in England, civil parish east of Bath, Somerset, Bath, England on the south bank of the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon. The parish has a population of 1,603.
The Kennet and Avon Canal passes thro ...
, east of Bath. The course of the WS&WR between Frome and Bruton
Bruton ( ) is a small market town, and civil parish in Somerset, England, on the River Brue and the A359 between Frome and Yeovil. It is south-east of Shepton Mallet, just south of Snakelake Hill and Coombe Hill, north-west of Gillingham ...
was modified to make it more suited to main line running; this change, and an extension to the quay at Weymouth, were authorised by the ( 9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxiii) of 3 August 1846. Next, insurmountable difficulties were discovered over the hilly route between Dorchester and Weymouth, and a major deviation was needed there; this had to be authorised in the 1847 parliamentary session, by the ( 10 & 11 Vict. c. lx) passed on 25 June 1847, so that much time had been lost before construction could start there.[Colin Maggs, ''The Bath to Weymouth Line'', Oakwood Press, Usk, 1982, ][David St John Thomas, ''A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 1: The West Country'', David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1966][E T MacDermot, History of the Great Western Railway, volume I part 1, published by the Great Western railway, London, 1927]
By now the Southampton and Dorchester Railway, friendly to the LSWR, had reached Dorchester (on 1 June 1847). The line had been independently promoted, and it had wooed both the GWR and the LSWR at times, and its loss to the narrow gauge camp was a blow to the GWR. That company had always intended that the WS&WR should be part of a through main line to Exeter
Exeter ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and the county town of Devon in South West England. It is situated on the River Exe, approximately northeast of Plymouth and southwest of Bristol.
In Roman Britain, Exeter w ...
, and was now considering how that might be created; as its construction would put the friendly B&ER at a disadvantage, the GWR proposed purchasing the B&ER, an offer that was rejected. The GWR now actively planned its line to the west: it would infill the Hungerford (Berks and Hants) to Devizes
Devizes () is a market town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It developed around Devizes Castle, an 11th-century Norman architecture, Norman castle, and received a charter in 1141. The castle was besieged during the Anarchy, a 12th-cent ...
(WS&WR) section, and build a new line from Yeovil
Yeovil () is a town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in Somerset, England. It is close to Somerset's southern border with Dorset, west of London, south of Bristol, west of Sherborne and east of Taunton. The population of the bui ...
(WS&WR) to Exeter via Axminster
Axminster is a market town and civil parishes in England, civil parish on the eastern border of the county of Devon in England. It is from the county town of Exeter. The town is built on a hill overlooking the River Axe, Devon, River Axe which ...
. This latter line was not built by the GWR,[An almost identical route from Yeovil to Exeter was later built by the LSWR.] but its development as a scheme provoked renewed hostility from the LSWR camp, and also opposition from the otherwise friendly B&ER.[
]
First sections: Westbury
Starting from the junction at Thingley, a couple of miles southwest of Chippenham, the line was constructed via Melksham
Melksham () is a town and civil parish on the Bristol Avon, River Avon in Wiltshire, England, about northeast of Trowbridge and south of Chippenham. The parish population was 18,113 at the 2021 census.
History
Early history
Excavations in ...
and Trowbridge
Trowbridge ( ) is the county town of Wiltshire, England; situated on the River Biss in the west of the county, close to the border with Somerset. The town lies south-east of Bath, Somerset, Bath, south-west of Swindon and south-east of Brist ...
as far as Westbury. It was inspected by the Board of Trade inspector on 26 August 1848 and approved for opening. After a trial trip for the directors on 2 September, this section was opened to the public on 5 September 1848.[ At this date, before the introduction of interlocking signalling, facing junctions on the main line were regarded as potentially dangerous, and therefore the junction at Thingley was laid out so that trains reversed into a siding before continuing on the Westbury line.][
At the same time the spur from Staverton, north of Trowbridge, to Bradford-on-Avon was physically completed, but rails were not laid and it was not presented for opening, so it lay unused for the time being.][There are complexities about the Bradford triangle. MacDermot (volume I part 1 page 286) says in connection with the first opening, "The short branch from Staverton to Bradford was made, and even the Bradford station built, but for some reason the rails were left unfinished, and no attempt was made to open it. So matters remained for some years to the extreme discontent of the inhabitants." Staverton to Bradford is clearly the north curve, although of course only the trackbed was made at this time and no actual track; the main line was open. Phillips (page 14) also says "from Staverton". Later, discussing the opening from Trowbridge to Bathampton on page 414, MacDermot says "As far as Bradford, with the tunnel (159 yards) and even the station there, it had been practically ready, save for part of the permanent way, as we have seen. It left the main Wilts and Somerset line about miles north of Trowbridge by a fork, on the southern branch only of which the rails were laid nd ran on to Bathampton" He annotates a footnote against the word "laid", which reads "The northern curve was not used till March 1895." MacDermot's "southern branch" of the fork is clearly the original main line.
All this appears to mean that Bradford was originally intended to be served by the north curve only, allowing direct running from Chippenham to Bradford. When the Trowbridge to Bathampton line was built, it had been decided to omit the north curve, so that Bathampton had direct running from Trowbridge but not from Chippenham via Holt.]
Sale to the GWR
In this period, actually obtaining money that had been subscribed was proving exceptionally difficult, and the company was unable to fund continuing construction work. Only the large, established railway companies with an actual income could raise money, and as the pressure increased, the directors realised that the only way forward was to sell their line to the GWR. That decision was taken by them in October 1849, and the transfer took place on 14 March 1850; it was confirmed by an act of Parliament on 3 July 1851, which dissolved the Wilts, Somerset & Weymouth company.
Frome and Warminster
Money was difficult to find even for the GWR, and attention was given to reaching places that might bring in extra traffic without great expenditure in getting there. Frome, on the edge of the Somerset coalfield, was such a place, and the line was built there from Westbury. Captain R. W. Lufman of the Board of Trade inspected the section from Westbury to Frome, and approved it, and it opened to the public on 7 October 1850. Warminster
Warminster () is a historic market town and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in south-west Wiltshire, England, on the western edge of Salisbury Plain. The parish had a population of 18,173 in 2021.
The name ''Warminster'' occurs first i ...
, a thriving market town on the future Salisbury line, was also an objective, and the section from Westbury opened on 9 September 1851. The branch line from Frome to Radstock, centre then of the Somerset coalfield, was started too, but then difficulties with getting possession of the necessary land delayed things so much that the branch was put in abeyance.
To generate much-needed capital to complete the line, the GWR created a Frome, Yeovil and Weymouth Railway company which was authorised by an act of Parliament, the Frome, Yeovil and Weymouth Railway Act 1852 ( 15 & 16 Vict. c. cxxv) of 30 June 1852 to complete that route: its capital was to be £550,000 with borrowing powers of £183,000. The intention evidently was to arouse local interest—and money—but the latter was not forthcoming and the company was dissolved without achieving anything.
Mandamus
The railway was now open from Thingley Junction, Chippenham, to Frome and Warminster. The authorised spur to Bradford-on-Avon had been built in 1848, before the sale to the GWR, but for reasons that are not clear, this section was not opened; Devizes was to have a branch from the time of the original WS&WR act of 1846. Also, before the sale of the WS&WR, the GWR had undertaken to build a line from Bradford to Bath. The citizens of Bradford and Devizes now observed the rival towns of Trowbridge and Frome benefiting from their new rail connection, while they languished without an active railway. Matters escalated until they applied for a writ of mandamus
A writ of (; ) is a judicial remedy in the English and American common law system consisting of a court order that commands a government official or entity to perform an act it is legally required to perform as part of its official duties, o ...
, to compel opening to their towns. The GWR was able to state honestly that shortage of money was a problem and could not simply be overcome. Devizes lost, but the writ for Bradford was made absolute at the end of 1852, obliging the GWR to complete to Bathampton through Bradford, and forbidding payment of dividends after two years until they did so. (In fact the construction proved so difficult that the GWR applied for, and obtained, an extension of time beyond the two years.)[
]
1854: completion to Salisbury, Weymouth, Bathampton and Devizes
Momentum had been lost—but a lot of money spent—since the original passage of the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway (Amendment) Act 1846 ( 9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxiii), but there was no alternative to pressing on: the LSWR now had Weymouth in its sights via the Southampton and Dorchester Railway, and it was important to the GWR to secure primacy there. The long onward route from Frome to Weymouth now seemed unattractive. In anticipation of the arrival of railways in their town, the Borough of Weymouth changed from local solar time
Solar time is a calculation of the passage of time based on the position of the Sun in the sky. The fundamental unit of solar time is the day, based on the synodic rotation period. Traditionally, there are three types of time reckoning based ...
to railway time
Railway time was the standardised time arrangement first applied by the Great Western Railway in England in November 1840, the first recorded occasion when different local mean times were synchronised and a single standard time applied. The key ...
on 1 January 1852, a move that was rather premature. At last the mineral branch from Frome to Radstock, just over 8 miles long, was opened on 14 November 1854.
The of the Salisbury branch from Warminster was at last opened on 30 June 1856, to a new terminus at Fisherton Street. At this time the LSWR was still using its Milford terminus, on the other edge of the city. The original impetus for a Salisbury line was access to Southampton
Southampton is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Hampshire, England. It is located approximately southwest of London, west of Portsmouth, and southeast of Salisbury. Southampton had a population of 253, ...
over the LSWR, but relations with that company were no longer amicable.
Frome to Yeovil opened on 1 September 1856, and Colonel Yolland inspected the Yeovil to Weymouth section on 15 January 1857. There was a sharp curve connecting the LSWR to the WS&WR line at Dorchester, as the LSWR station had not been aligned for making this connection; Yolland required that LSWR trains on the connecting curve be restricted to and carry a travelling porter. The line to Weymouth opened 20 January 1857;[ all these lines were single track, broad gauge, except that double track mixed gauge was provided from Dorchester to Weymouth for the use of LSWR trains, and the Dorchester curve was mixed gauge. The GWR had been forced to agree to lay rails for narrow gauge trains, and the LSWR could be charged 60% of gross receipts over that section. To ensure a strange sort of equity, the Board of Trade required that the LSWR should lay mixed gauge on its line for the same distance, about , eastward from Dorchester, ending "abruptly in mid-country"][R A Williams, ''The London & South Western Railway, Volume 1: The Formative Years'', David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1968, , page 61] near Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids. The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have some properties similar to animal w ...
. That cost the LSWR £16,309, and it is likely that the broad gauge rail was never used.
The Bristol and Exeter Railway had opened its line to Yeovil (from Taunton
Taunton () is the county town of Somerset, England. It is a market town and has a Minster (church), minster church. Its population in 2011 was 64,621. Its thousand-year history includes a 10th-century priory, monastic foundation, owned by the ...
) on 1 October 1853, but its station was at , on the west side of the town; on 2 February 1857 they opened a connecting line from Hendford to the WS&WR Yeovil station.
The GWR pressed ahead with the Bradford to Bathampton section; forming the line under Dundas Aqueduct for the Kennet and Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of Navigability, navigable river linked by a canal. The name is used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than sol ...
proved particularly difficult. Yolland visited for an inspection on 16 January 1857. He found numerous shortcomings with the track, signalling and buildings and he refused opening. However he reinspected a fortnight later, and the faults had evidently been rectified, for he approved the opening: it took place on 2 February 1857. It was a single broad-gauge track, laid on transverse sleepers, apparently adopted by Brunel as an experiment.[MacDermot volume I part 1 page 415] This section joined the original WS&WR main line at Bradford Junction, a little north of Trowbridge; Bradford itself was north of Bradford Junction, that is, on the new section of route.
Finally, on 1 July 1857 the Devizes branch was opened, from Holt, north of Trowbridge. The Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth network was complete at last.[
]
Branch connections
From the completion of the core network in 1857, a number of independent branches and other lines made connection.
The first was the Bridport Railway, a branch line from to , which opened 12 November 1857. Bridport
Bridport is a market town and civil parish in Dorset, England, inland from the English Channel near the confluence of the River Brit and its tributary the River Asker, Asker. Its origins are Anglo-Saxons, Saxon and it has a long history as a ...
was an important town, and had been on a number of projected main lines, but none of those came to being, and the town had to content itself with a branch line connection. The branch was worked by the GWR.
The following year Shepton Mallet
Shepton Mallet is a market town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in Somerset, England, some southwest of Bath, Somerset, Bath, south of Bristol and east of Wells, Somerset, Wells. It had an estimated population of 10,810 in 2019. ...
gained its railway connection: the East Somerset Railway opened its line from on 9 November 1858. This was extended to Wells on 1 March 1862. Eventually this branch was able to connect through to at the beginning of 1878.
The Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway (Amendment) Act 1846 ( 9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxiii) had included powers to connect to the harbour at Weymouth, but any such branch extension was forgotten. A local company, the Weymouth and Portland Railway was authorised to build a branch onto the Isle of Portland
The Isle of Portland is a tied island, long by wide, in the English Channel. The southern tip, Portland Bill, lies south of the resort of Weymouth, Dorset, Weymouth, forming the southernmost point of the county of Dorset, England. A barrier ...
, with a street tramway from Weymouth station to the Channel Islands quay. The line was opened on 18 October 1865; locomotives were prohibited on the tramway to the quay, and horse traction was used; the line was leased jointly to the LSWR and the GWR.
The standard-gauge Salisbury and Yeovil Railway opened to Yeovil on 1 June 1860; although this was an independent company, the line was part of the LSWR's strategy of reaching the West of England, and on 19 July 1860 the LSWR continuation from Yeovil towards Exeter opened. The GWR built a branch from near their Yeovil station to a goods exchange station at Clifton Maybank
Clifton Maybank is a hamlet and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the English county of Dorset. It is located about a mile southwest of the village of Bradford Abbas. It is known for Clifton Maybank House, a English country house, coun ...
, near the LSWR station. The exchange station, called Clifton Maybank, was needed because of the gauge difference: goods had to be shifted from wagons of one gauge to wagons of the other. It opened on 13 June 1864.
Gauge conversion and double track
The Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway had been built to be part of the Great Western Railway system, and as such used broad-gauge track. In 1874 the GWR decided that it was time to convert to what had become the standard gauge, and the whole of the WS&WR system were converted in a massive operation in June 1874. On 18 June the network was cleared of broad gauge rolling stock and the work of altering the gauge began, and the first standard gauge train ran on 22 June.
The Radstock branch, built as a mineral railway, could now connect directly with its northerly neighbour, the narrow gauge Bristol and North Somerset Railway, which had reached Radstock in 1873. It too had seen coal traffic as it main purpose, but it was a passenger railway too. Now that the break of gauge had been eliminated (by the conversion of the Frome to Radstock branch), the two lines could be worked together, and a passenger service was started from Frome. The original mineral line had a junction from the Westbury junction, diverging before reaching the Frome station, so a west-to-north curve was laid in, and when it was ready, passenger trains operated from Frome to Bristol via Radstock from 5 July 1875.
The line between Thingley Junction and was already double track, and the to section had been doubled in 1858, but the rest was single. The Dorchester to Weymouth section was already mixed gauge, for the LSWR trains.
After the gauge conversion, more sections were provided with double track: Frome to in spring 1875; Witham to in 1880; Castle Cary to in 1881; Evershot to in 1882; Maiden Newton to in 1884; and Grimstone to in 1885. The to section was doubled on 17 May 1885.[D W Warnock and R G Parsons, ''The Bristol and North Somerset Railway since 1884'', Avon Anglia Productions, Bristol, 1979, ]
Abbotsbury branch connects
The Abbotsbury Railway finally succeeded in opening its line after serious delays and difficulties, on 9 November 1885. The company prospectus had promised extensive mineral deposits, and a possible extension to Exeter along the coast. These riches never materialised and the line simply ran from to . It was worked by the GWR.
Bradford north curve
In 1895 the north curve at Bradford Junction was opened, allowing through running from the direction towards . Exceptionally severe frost had caused damage to the lining of Box Tunnel
Box Tunnel passes through Box Hill on the Great Western Main Line (GWML) between Bath and Chippenham. The tunnel was the world's longest railway tunnel when it was completed in 1841.
Built between December 1838 and June 1841 for the Great We ...
and the extensive repair work necessitated the night-time and Sunday diversion of London–Bristol trains, involving reversal at Westbury or Trowbridge. The new curve was hastily laid in on the earthworks of the original 1857 Devizes branch, and it opened on 11 March 1895.[
]
The Westbury route to Exeter
The GWR, the Bristol and Exeter Railway
The Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) was an English railway company formed to connect Bristol and Exeter. It was built on the broad gauge and its engineer was Isambard Kingdom Brunel. It opened in stages between 1841 and 1844. It was allied wi ...
and the South Devon Railway had long since amalgamated, and there was an important through route from to , Exeter
Exeter ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and the county town of Devon in South West England. It is situated on the River Exe, approximately northeast of Plymouth and southwest of Bristol.
In Roman Britain, Exeter w ...
and Plymouth
Plymouth ( ) is a port city status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Devon, South West England. It is located on Devon's south coast between the rivers River Plym, Plym and River Tamar, Tamar, about southwest of Exeter and ...
. However the route was not direct: it ran via station, and the GWR was sometimes called the ''great way round''. The LSWR had a significantly shorter route from to Exeter via Salisbury. The GWR had a line from Reading to Devizes, joining with the WS&WR lines there, and it was clear that filling in some gaps would create a coherent direct route between Reading and Taunton. The GWR had more than once obtained Parliamentary powers to build such lines but they had lapsed, when in 1895 the directors took the decision to start work.[
]
This was to be a trunk main line, and the first task was to double the line east of Patney, which had been built as the Berks and Hants Extension Railway, and to build a new line from Patney to meet the WS&WR line at Westbury, the Stert and Westbury cut-off. This was started in 1895, and goods traffic first ran on the route on 29 July 1900, followed by local passenger trains on 1 October. This shortened the distance from Paddington to Westbury, and therefore to Yeovil and Weymouth, by over . As part of the work, Westbury station was much extended, as its status as a junction station becoming more important.
The next phase of work was to construct the Langport cut-off, which ran west from to join the Bristol and Exeter line northeast of Taunton. This was opened in stages: it was opened from Castle Cary to on 1 July 1905. On 2 April 1906 part of the line was opened at the western end, from a new junction at Cogload, near Taunton, to . Finally the central section, and the entire route was opened on 20 May 1906. It followed part of a branch line from Yeovil towards Taunton; the relevant section was upgraded to double track main line standards, and in an area where persistent flooding problems had been experienced, it was elevated to avoid the difficulty. From 2 July 1906 express trains and other through traffic was diverted on to the new line. The cut-off route saved a further compared with the former route.[
]
Other twentieth-century developments
Railmotors
The GWR was anxious to develop local passenger traffic; the early distribution of stations was somewhat sparse. Local requests prompted the GWR to provide a station at Upwey, on the Dorchester to Weymouth section; it opened on 21 June 1871. When the Abbotsbury branch opened in 1885, its junction was south of Upwey and faced Weymouth; on 19 April 1886 an station was opened to serve it, and the earlier Upwey station was closed.
In 1905 the GWR introduced its steam railmotors as a response to the rising threat of motor bus competition. These were single passenger coaches incorporating a small steam locomotive within the body at one end; cheaper than a full locomotive, they saved time at terminals by not needing to run round. They were equipped with retractable steps and were able to make calls at places with no platform, or only a very low one. They were operated between Dorchester and Weymouth, and new halts were opened for them at , and . Upwey Wishing Well was opened on 28 May 1905, and the other two on 1 July 1905. Came Bridge was renamed Monkton and Came Bridge (Golf Links) Halt on 1 October 1905.[R V J Butt, ''The Directory of Railway Stations'', Patrick Stephens Limited, Sparkford, 1995, ]
In the same year a similar railmotor service was started between Chippenham and Trowbridge, with new halts at , , and .
Limpley Stoke
In 1910 the siding accommodation at Limpley Stoke was much enlarged to handle mineral traffic coming from the Camerton line; it was remarshalled there for onward transit.
Military facilities
Britain had been involved for some time in hostilities in South Africa, and in October 1899 the Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Transvaal War, Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (the South African Republic and ...
flared up. The War Office
The War Office has referred to several British government organisations throughout history, all relating to the army. It was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, at ...
increased the training facilities on Salisbury Plain
Salisbury Plain is a chalk plateau in southern England covering . It is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group and largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, but st ...
, in many places alongside the Salisbury line. After the Boer War was settled, tension in Europe developed, leading to the First World War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, and special facilities were provided on the line: additional siding accommodation was needed and goods loops, as well as branch lines from Heytesbury
Heytesbury is a village (formerly considered to be a town) and a civil parish in Wiltshire, England. The village lies on the north bank of the Wylye, about southeast of the town of Warminster.
The civil parish includes most of the small nei ...
to Sutton Veny Camp, and from Codford to Codford Camp. Most of these facilities were removed at the end of the war.
More halts
The railmotors were successful, but they had the limitation that they were unable to cope with peaks of traffic, or to run longer distances, and by 1922 the fleet was substantially reduced, and many were withdrawn in 1935. There was a continuing need to respond to local passenger traffic, heightened as improved roads made motor buses more efficient, and in the 1930s a number of halts were opened south of Yeovil, and also near .
Avoiding lines
When the cut-off line, from Reading to Taunton via Westbury, was opened, it ran through Westbury and Frome stations. Westbury was not originally aligned for an east–west main line, and Frome station was on an awkward curve; there was a speed restriction at both places for West of England and Weymouth trains, and at Westbury they conflicted with the heavy coal traffic from the Trowbridge line towards Salisbury. The Developments (Loan Guarantees and Grants) Act 1929 was passed to stimulate employment and to encourage industrial development, and the GWR obtained financial assistance from this source to build avoiding lines, bypassing the two stations.
Logan and Hemingway of Doncaster were the contractor, and the cost of the works was to be £220,000.[R Tourret, ''GWR Engineering Work 1928–1938'', Tourret Publishing, Abingdon, 2003, ] The avoiding lines were opened to goods traffic on 1 January 1933, and for all traffic at the beginning of the summer timetable period in 1933.
War again
In 1939 the country was at war again: the Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
had started. Again the Salisbury line especially received heavy military traffic, and many of the special facilities removed after 1919 were reinstated. In the middle and later years of this war bombing of British towns became widespread, and severing of a railway line caused major disruption to the war effort. Many connections between formerly competing railways were laid in to facilitate routing round blockages. The Clifton Maybank branch at Yeovil had closed in 1937 but its trackbed ran adjacent to the Southern Railway[In 1923 the Southern Railway had absorbed the LSWR.] and a connection was made enabling trains to run from Castle Cary towards Exeter on the Southern railway line; it opened on 13 October 1943, with considerable assistance from Canadian troops.
Extensive sidings were installed at Lacock
Lacock is a village and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the county of Wiltshire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) south of the town of Chippenham, and about outside the Cotswolds area. The village is owned almost in its enti ...
for the Air Ministry
The Air Ministry was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Royal Air Force and civil aviation that existed from 1918 to 1964. It was under the political authority of the ...
, and a west curve was made at Thingley Junction. The formation had been made as part of the construction of the original main line of the WS&WR, and if it had been opened it would have allowed through running from Bath to Trowbridge. It was overtaken by the GWR commitment to build the line via Limpley Stoke. The Thingley curve opened in 1942 and was informally referred to as ''The Air Ministry Loop''. It was removed in July 1959, [Cobb says 1955.] but the Lacock Sidings remained until 1964.
Nationalisation
The Transport Act 1947
The Transport Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 49) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Under the terms of the Act, the railway network, long-distance road haulage and various other types of transport were nationalised ...
was passed after the end of the war and the main line railways of the country became part of the state-owned British Railways
British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commis ...
from the start of 1948.
The usage of rural stations and branch lines continued to decline, and on 19 September 1955 all the stations between Warminster and Salisbury were closed.
On 2 November 1959 the passenger service on the Frome to Radstock line was ended, and with the decline of the Somerset coalfield the branch became fully closed from April 1966, except for a connection to Whatley Quarry, which connected by a private siding near Hapsford. With the increase in road building in the 1960s this quarry's output became increasingly important at that time. Remaining coal extraction in the area was further north and the rail connection was to Bristol over the Bristol and North Somerset line. However, in the summer of 1968 the embankment north of Pensford was washed out and the line was severed. It was considered to be uneconomic to repair it, and the Frome connection was reopened, the traffic from the area being brought out via Radstock and Westbury to Bristol. However the remaining pits closed in 1973 and the final coal movement took place on 16 November 1973.[
In the 1960s the financial losses of the railway network escalated, and in 1963 a report was published, '' The Reshaping of British Railways''. This proposed large scale closures of little-used lines and stations, and the resulting changes were called the ]Beeching cuts
The Beeching cuts, also colloquially referred to as the Beeching Axe, were a major series of route closures and service changes made as part of the restructuring of the nationalised railway system in Great Britain in the 1960s. They are named ...
, after the author, Richard Beeching
Richard Beeching, Baron Beeching (21 April 1913 – 23 March 1985), commonly known as Dr Beeching, was a physicist and engineer who for a short but very notable time was chairman of British Railways. He became a household name in Britain in the ...
, chairman of British Railways. This affected many of the branches connecting to the WS&WR network, and in 1966 the Devizes branch, and many intermediate halts and small stations on the WS&WR lines closed too. General freight traffic to Weymouth was mostly diverted to the Bournemouth route, and in 1967–1968 singling was undertaken of the routes between Thingley Junction and Bradford Junction, and between Castle Cary and Dorchester.
The main route from London to Weymouth was now from via and ; from London to Bournemouth was electrified in 1967, with the trains running on with diesel haulage to Weymouth. The electrification, on the third rail
A third rail, also known as a live rail, electric rail or conductor rail, is a method of providing electric power to a railway locomotive or train, through a semi-continuous rigid conductor placed alongside or between the rails of a track (r ...
direct current system, was extended to Weymouth from 10 February 1988.
On 17 March 1990 the north curve at Bradford was removed; it had been retained in latter years to handle diverted trains during engineering closure of the Box line, but the elimination of locomotive-hauled passenger trains meant that diverted trains could simply reverse at Bradford south junction.
The Bath–Westbury–Salisbury part of the network received an enhanced passenger train service with the introduction of the ''Sprinter'' diesel units, giving a generally hourly service on a Bristol–Salisbury–Portsmouth axis. The service over the Thingley to Bradford section was much reduced, and the Westbury to Weymouth section had a basic service.[
]
Train services
Passenger trains
When the first line opened from Thingley Junction to Westbury, there were five passenger trains each way; they made more or less reasonable connections with London trains.[''Bradshaw's Rail Times for Great Britain and Ireland 1850'', reprint by Middleton Press, Midhurst, 2012, 978-1-908174-13-0]
By 1895 the service had increased a little in number, with some omitting certain stops; there were through trains from Chippenham to Weymouth. The opening of Bradford north curve in that year enabled through services from Devizes to Bath; in fact many of these ran from Reading to Bath or Bristol, and there was a fast morning up service and evening down; there were six daily trains on the Radstock line, all running through to Bristol via Clutton.[''Bradshaw's Rail Times for Great Britain and Ireland December 1895'', Middleton Press, Midhurst, 2011, ]
In July 1904 the GWR started running fast trains to Plymouth, running non-stop from Paddington to Plymouth, but this was via the Bristol Relief Line[The Bristol Relief Line bypassed between North Somerset Junction and Pylle Hill via Marsh Junction and St Philips Marsh.] The best trains were strictly limited to seven vehicles, and became known as ''The Limited'', although later named ''The Cornish Riviera Express''. On 23 July 1906 (down) and 25 July (up) these trains were diverted to run over the new cut-off line via Lavington, Frome and Somerton, now running non-stop over a distance of . The down train left Paddington at 10:30, and slipped a coach at Westbury for Weymouth, and at Exeter. The up train was soon altered to call at Exeter. (Several through trains to the West of England continued to run via Bristol.)[E T MacDermot, ''History of the Great Western Railway'' volume II, published by the Great Western Railway, London, 1931]
When the West of England expresses started using the 1933 avoiding line at Westbury, the Weymouth slip portion of the down ''Cornish Riviera Express'' was slipped before reaching Heywood Road Junction; the station pilot then ran out to couple to it and bring it in to the station.[P W B Semmens, ''The Heyday of GWR Train Services'', David and Charles Publishers plc, Newton Abbot, 1990, ]
By 1947 the modern distinction between long-distance and purely local passenger trains had arisen. By this time the west of England trains ran over the route via Westbury avoiding line or station, and Frome avoiding line. There were through express trains from London to Weymouth via Westbury and Castle Cary, and an enhanced service from Bristol or Cardiff to Portsmouth Harbour via Westbury and Salisbury.[Great Western Railway Timetables 6 October 1947, reprint by the Oxford Publishing Company, Oxford, undated, ]
Freight
Little is recorded about goods and mineral traffic in the early years, but an easy and cheap connection was clearly hugely beneficial. Agricultural products, and the inwards requirements of farmers, and also of house and industrial coal and other manufactured goods were all important traffics.
Dominant freight services on the line in later years were coal trains from South Wales, to Southampton and Portsmouth particularly, and also coal from Radstock and Camerton to Bristol and elsewhere.
Early signalling
From the earliest days of the line, the signalling system was by double-needle telegraph enabling simple messages to be passed. These enabled agreement between two stations to vary the timetabled crossing of opposing trains on the single line, in the event of late running. The telegraph was not ready in time for the opening from Yeovil to Dorchester Junction, and working by pilotman was used for the first few weeks, with a crossing place at Evershot. On the double track section from Thingley Junction to Westbury and Dorchester Junction to Weymouth, the time interval system was used.
The fixed signals consisted of a signal at the station or crossing place, not necessarily placed before the fouling point, which gave permission to enter the station, and an auxiliary signal placed further back which functioned like a distant signal. There were no starting signals: permission to proceed into a section was given by written order handed to the driver. The signals were mostly of the disc and crossbar type, and the points and signals were operated by lever at their location, with no interlocking.
In 1963 the GWR replaced the double needle telegraph instruments with a single needle system.
From 1870 the most difficult sections were equipped with the disc block system, which was permissive.[As opposed to ''absolute''; in absolute block a second train could not normally be permitted to enter a section until the preceding train was known to have left it; in permissive systems the following train could enter after a certain time lapse, but the driver was warned that the section might still contain the preceding train.]
Absolute block working started to be implemented from the end of 1874,[Phillips, page 26] and in the following few years recognisable signal boxes were constructed across the system, with interlocking.[Primitive precursors of the signal box may have been erected at Weymouth in 1865 and Dorchester Junction in 1866, but probably did not include interlocking.] The electric train staff system was implemented on the single lines, and modern semaphore signals replaced most of the disc and crossbar signals over the following decade.
Timber bridges
At the early date of construction of the WS&WR network, numerous structures were built in timber.
Two bridges between Thingley and Trowbridge were designed in timber but may not have been actually built in the material: Lacock Viaduct was to be a three-span underbridge with two timber piers and masonry abutments; and the turnpike road near Melksham was to cross the railway by a single span truss.
Near Staverton the railway crossed the River Avon on a viaduct with nine spans. At Yarnbrook it crossed the Trowbridge to Westbury road on a viaduct with a central skewed timber truss flanked by two masonry arches.
Near Frome at the (later) junction of the Radstock branch there was a two-span truss viaduct. When the Radstock branch was built an adjacent viaduct was built for its alignment, and there were five further river crossings in timber to Radstock.
Between Bathampton and Bradford Junction there were at least five timber viaducts: one is now the site of two bridges east of Bradford station, then two bridges west of Bradford over the Avon, Freshford Viaduct over the Kennet and Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of Navigability, navigable river linked by a canal. The name is used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than sol ...
, and Midford Brook viaduct. The last remaining timber viaduct, west of Bradford station, was rebuilt in 1889. On the Devizes branch there were three timber viaducts: Whaddon Bridge over the Avon, Outmarsh bridge over the Wilts & Berks Canal
The Wilts & Berks Canal is a canal in the historic counties of Wiltshire and Berkshire, England, linking the Kennet and Avon Canal at Semington near Melksham, to the River Thames at Abingdon. The North Wilts Canal merged with it to become a ...
, and a timber viaduct over the turnpike road with a span and two spans.
Topography
Stations and geographical junctions; entries in italic were not passenger stations; junctions are "facing" or "trailing" in the direction shown
Thingley Junction to Weymouth
Opened to Westbury 1848; to Frome 1851; to Yeovil 1856; and to Weymouth 1857.
* ''Thingley Junction''; on the Great Western main line
The Great Western Main Line (GWML) is a main line railway in England that runs between London Paddington and . It connects to other main lines such as those from Reading to Penzance and Swindon to Swansea. The GWML is presently a part of t ...
between and ;
* ''Trailing junction'' for Air Ministry Loop (west curve) 1943–1955;[Cooke, Track Layout Diagrams of the GWR and BR WR - Section 21 - Bath and Westbury, author, 1988]
* ; 1905–1966;
* ; 1905–1955;
* ; closed 1966; reopened 1985;
* ; 1905–1955;
* ; trailing junction for the line from Devizes 1857–1966; passenger station opened 1861,[Taken from Oakley, page 68; he says that "recent research" indicates that an exchange platform, but not a public station, opened in 1857, contradicting "most sources" which had stated 1861; the Holt residents celebrated the 1857 opening of the Devizes branch with a procession, and he suggests that "some means of access to the trains must have been provided"; a full public station opened on 1 April 1874. MacDermot in volume I part 1 page 414 says that "Holt Junction irst appearsin 1861 but only as a changing place till 1874". For a fuller discussion see Quick, Railway Passenger Stations of Great Britain - A Chronology, Railway & Canal Historical Society, 2019 (no ISBN)] closed 1966;
* ; 1905–1966;
* ''Bradford North Junction''; facing junction for Bradford North Curve 1895–1990;
* ''Bradford South Junction''; trailing junction for the Bathampton line from 1857;
* ;
* ''Hawkeridge Junction''; facing junction for Hawkeridge curve, towards Heywood Road Junction and from 1942;
* ; original station building had an overall roof; trailing junction from from 1900; facing junction for the Salisbury line from 1851;
* ''Fairwood Junction''; trailing junction for the Westbury Avoiding Line from 1933;
* ''Clink Road Junction''; facing junction for Frome Avoiding Line from 1933;
* ''Frome North Junction''; facing junction for Radstock branch from 1854, forming a triangle with next from 1875; also known as ''Frome Mineral Loop Junction'';
* station; trailing junction for the Radstock line from 1875; the passenger station has an all-over roof;
* ''Blatchbridge Junction''; trailing junction for the Frome Avoiding Line from 1933;
* ; facing junction for Shepton Mallet branch from 1858; station closed 1966; Shepton Mallet line closed to passengers in 1963 and cut back to Cranmore for mineral traffic only in 1969;
* ; 1932–1950;
* ;
* ;[GWR public timetable of e.g. 1859 gave this as "Castle Carey".] facing junction for Somerton and Taunton from 1905;
* ; closed 1966;
* Marston; renamed 1895; closed 1966;
* ; facing junction for 1857 to 1966; originally had an overall roof;
* ''Yeovil South Junction''; facing junction to the former LSWR line from Yeovil Town to from 1943; the two routes ran parallel for some distance;
* ''Clifton Maybank Junction''; facing junction for Clifton Maybank
Clifton Maybank is a hamlet and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the English county of Dorset. It is located about a mile southwest of the village of Bradford Abbas. It is known for Clifton Maybank House, a English country house, coun ...
, originally break of gauge
With railways, a break of gauge occurs where a line of one track gauge (the distance between the rails, or between the wheels of trains designed to run on those rails) meets a line of a different gauge. Trains and railroad car, rolling stock g ...
exchange sidings for the LSWR; closed 1937;
* Thornford Bridge Halt; opened 1936; renamed 1974;
* ;
* ; opened 1933;
* ''Holywell Tunnel'';
* ; closed 1966;
* ; 1931–1966;
* ; trailing junction for the Bridport branch 1857–1975;
* ; closed 1966;
* ''Frampton Tunnel'';
* ; 1933–1966;
* ''Poundbury Tunnel'';
* Dorchester; renamed 1949;
* ''Dorchester Junction''; trailing junction for the Southampton and Dorchester Railway (later LSWR main line) from 1847;
* Came Bridge Halt; opened 1905; renamed later in 1905; closed 1957;
* ''Bincombe Tunnel'';
* ; 1905–1957;
* Upwey; 1871–1886;[There was an ''Upwey'' station on the Abbotsbury branch from its opening in 1885.]
* Upwey Junction; opened 1886; trailing junction for the Abbotsbury branch 1885–1952; renamed Upwey and Broadwey 1953; renamed Upwey 1980;
* ; 1905–1984;
* ''Weymouth Junction''; facing junction for the Portland branch lines until 1965, and the Weymouth Harbour Tramway;
* .
Westbury to Salisbury
Opened 1854 to Warminster, and in 1856 throughout.
* ; opened 1937;
* ;
* ; closed 1955;
* Codford; closed 1955;
* ; closed 1955;
* Langford; closed 1857;
* ; closed 1955;
* Wilton; renamed 1949;
* ''Connection made to former LSWR line east of Wilton in 1973, and remainder of the original GWR route to Salisbury closed'';
* ; originally with over-all roof; LSWR station subsequently built adjacent; closed to passengers 1932.
Bathampton to Bradford Junction
Opened 1857.
* ; facing junction on the main line from to ;
* ; trailing junction from the Camerton line 1910–1951; station closed 1966;
* ;
* ; opened 1906;
* Bradford; renamed 1899;
* ''Bradford Tunnel'' (159 yards);
* ''Greenland Mill level crossing'';
* ''Bradford West Junction''; facing junction for Bradford North Curve, leading to ''Bradford North Junction'' 1895–1990;
* ''Bradford South Junction''; trailing junction for the line from Thingley Junction.
Devizes branch
Devizes to Holt Junction: opened 1857; never double track; closed 1966
* ; originally had an overall roof with a single platform; Berks and Hants Extension line from formed an end-on junction in 1862;
* ; opened 1909;
* ; opened 1858;
* ; opened 1906;
* ; trailing junction on the Thingley Junction line.
Radstock branch
Frome Mineral Loop Junction[Probably called ''Radstock Junction'' originally.] to Radstock, opened 1854, and from Frome station (and throughout to passengers) forming a triangle from 1875; closed to passengers 1959; never double track; closed beyond Whatley Quarry 1988.
* ''Frome Mineral Junction''; from 1875, the third apex of the Frome triangle;
* Mells; renamed 1898;
* ; end on junction formed by the Bristol and North Somerset Railway in 1873 (but break of gauge until 1874); renamed Radstock West 1949.[Col M H Cobb, ''The Railways of Great Britain – A Historical Atlas'', Ian Allan Publishing Limited, Shepperton, 2003, ][Mike Oakley, ''Wiltshire Railway Stations'', The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, 2004, ]
Gradients
On the post-1933 main line between Westbury and Castle Cary, gradients were significant, rising from Westbury at typically 1 in 151 but with short steeper sections to a summit at Brewham, near Strap Lane Halt; eastbound there was a continuous climb from Castle Cary to Brewham, with a ruling gradient of 1 in 98.
The Weymouth line was very difficult, climbing from Yeovil to a summit at Evershot, with a stiff final climb at 1 in 51, then falling somewhat less steeply and not continuously, to Dorchester. There was a difficult summit over the busy section between there and Weymouth, with a summit at Bincombe. The southbound climb was at 1 in 91 but northbound the gradient was a difficult 1 in 50–52.
Before about 1965, while unfitted[Goods trains not equipped with a continuous brake, controlled by the driver, are described as "unfitted". On the approach to steep downhill gradients they were required to stop for the guard to pin down the handbrakes on sufficient wagons to enable a safe descent. This took a considerable time and blocked the line to following trains during the procedure.] goods trains were commonplace, line occupation on this busy section of line was significantly limited.
On the Bath to Salisbury line there was a stiff climb from Trowbridge to near Warminster, with a long stretch at 1 in 70 to 76.[''Gradients of the British Main-Line Railways'', The Railway Publishing Co, London, 1947]
Notes
References
Further reading
* Vic Mitchell and Keith Smith, ''Salisbury to Westbury'', Middleton Press, Midhurst, 1994,
* Vic Mitchell and Keith Smith, ''Branch Lines Around Weymouth'', Middleton Press, Midhurst, 1989,
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Great Western Railway constituents
Rail transport in Wiltshire
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7 ft gauge railways
Early British railway companies
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