Willis Harold O'Brien (March 2, 1886 – November 8, 1962), known as Obie O'Brien, was an American motion picture special effects and

stop-motion animation Stop-motion (also known as stop frame animation) is an animated filmmaking and special effects technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exh ...

pioneer, who according to

ASIFA-Hollywood ASIFA-Hollywood, an American non-profit organization in Los Angeles, California, is a branch member of the International Animated Film Association. Its purpose is to promote the art of film animation in a variety of ways, including its own arc ...

"was responsible for some of the best-known images in cinema history," and is best remembered for his work on '' The Lost World'' (1925), ''

King Kong King Kong, also referred to simply as Kong, is a fictional giant monster resembling a gorilla, who has appeared in various media since 1933. The character has since become an international pop culture icon,Erb, Cynthia, 1998, ''Tracking Kin ...

'' (1933), '' The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1935) and '' Mighty Joe Young'' (1949), for which he won the 1950

Academy Award for Best Visual Effects The Academy Award for Best Visual Effects is presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for the best achievement in visual effects. It has been handed to four members of the team directly responsible for creatin ...

Biography

O'Brien was born in

Oakland, California Oakland is a city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. state of California. It is the county seat and most populous city in Alameda County, California, Alameda County, with a population of 440,646 in 2020. A major We ...

. He first left home at the age of eleven to work on cattle ranches, and again at the age of thirteen when he took on a variety of jobs including farmhand, factory worker, fur trapper, cowboy, and bartender. During this time he also competed in rodeos and developed an interest in dinosaurs while working as a guide to

palaeontologist Paleontology, also spelled as palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of the life of the past, mainly but not exclusively through the study of fossils. Paleontologists use fossils as a means to classify organisms, measure geolo ...

s in Crater Lake region. He spent his spare time sculpting and illustrating and his natural talent led to him being employed first as draftsman in an architect's office and then as a sports cartoonist for the '' San Francisco Daily News''. During this time he also became a professional boxer, winning his first nine bouts but retiring after an unsuccessful tenth. He subsequently worked for the railroad, first as a brakeman and later a surveyor, as a professional

marble Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO3) or Dolomite (mineral), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has a crystalline texture, and is ty ...

sculptor, and was assistant to the head architect of the 1915 San Francisco World's Fair, where some of his work was displayed. During this time he made models, including a dinosaur and a caveman, which he animated with the assistance of a local newsreel cameraman. San Francisco exhibitor Herman Wobber saw this 90-second test footage and commissioned O'Brien to make his first film, '' The Dinosaur and the Missing Link: A Prehistoric Tragedy'' (1915) for a budget of $5,000.

Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February11, 1847October18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, ...

was impressed by the film and O'Brien was hired by the Edison Company to animate a series of short films with a

prehistoric Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use o ...

theme Theme or themes may refer to: * Theme (Byzantine district), an administrative district in the Byzantine Empire governed by a Strategos * Theme (computing), a custom graphical appearance for certain software. * Theme (linguistics), topic * Theme ( ...

, these included '' R.F.D. 10,000 B.C.'' and '' Prehistoric Poultry'' (both 1917) released as part of Conquest Pictures film packages for youth audiences. During this time he also worked on other Edison Company productions including Sam Loyd's '' The Puzzling Billboard'' and '' Nippy's Nightmare'' (both 1917), which were the first stop-motion films to combine live actors with stop motion models. These films led to a commission from Herbert M. Dawley to write, direct, co-star and produce the effects for another dinosaur film, '' The Ghost of Slumber Mountain'' (1918), for a budget of $3,000. The collaboration was not a happy one and Dawley cut the 45-minute film down to 11 minutes and claimed credit for O'Brien's pioneering effects work, which combined realistic stop-motion animated prehistoric models with live action. The film grossed over $100,000 and Dawley used the cut effects footage in a sequel '' Along the Moonbeam Trail'' (1920) and the documentary ''

Evolution Evolution is the change in the heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, re ...

'' (1923), but O'Brien received little financial reimbursement from this success. The film however did help to secure his position on Harry O. Hoyt's '' The Lost World''. For his early, short films O'Brien created his own characters out of clay, although for much of his feature career he would employ Richard and Marcel Delgado to create much more detailed stop-motion models (based on O'Brien's designs) with rubber skin built up over complex, articulated metal armatures. The models contained a bladder inside the skeleton model that could be inflated and deflated to give the illusion of breathing. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who appeared in the prologue to the film based on his novel of the same name, reportedly showed a reel of O'Brien's animation from the film to his friends, claiming it was real footage of living dinosaurs, to try to convince them that his story was based on fact. O'Brien married Hazel Ruth Collette in 1925; they had two sons together, William and Willis, Jr., but the marriage was an unhappy one. O'Brien was reportedly forced into it, and rebelled with drinking, gambling, and extra-marital affairs. The couple had divorced by 1930 and the two boys remained with their mother, who had begun to show unbalanced behaviour. By 1931, Hazel had been diagnosed with cancer and

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...

, while William also contracted tuberculosis resulting in blindness in one eye and then the other. Throughout this time O'Brien worked with Hoyt on a series of cancelled projects included ''Atlantis'' for First National studio, ''Frankenstein'', and '' Creation'' for

RKO Pictures RKO Radio Pictures Inc., commonly known as RKO Pictures or simply RKO, is an American film production and distribution company, historically one of the major film studios, "Big Five" film studios of Cinema of the United States, Hollywood's Clas ...

, which was finally cancelled in 1931 with only 20 minutes of effects footage to show for an estimated $120,000 development cost. The studio's head of production,

Merian C. Cooper Merian Caldwell Cooper (October 24, 1893 – April 21, 1973) was an American filmmaker, actor, producer and air officer. In film, his most famous work was the 1933 movie ''King Kong (1933 film), King Kong'', and he is credited as co-inventor of ...

, had recommended the cancellation of O'Brien's project as he thought the story was boring but he was impressed by the effects work and saw how it could be used to facilitate the development of his own pet project about a giant gorilla battling

Komodo dragon The Komodo dragon (''Varanus komodoensis''), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a large reptile of the monitor lizard family Varanidae that is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Komodo (island), Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Dasami, and Gili ...

s. O'Brien and the dinosaur models he had created for the cancelled project were put to work on what was to become his best remembered film, the iconic ''

'' (1933). The

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization in Beverly Hills, California, U.S., with the stated goal of adva ...

(AMPAS) proposed giving O'Brien an Oscar for his technical effects on ''King Kong'' but Willis insisted that each of his crew receive an Oscar statue also, which the AMPAS refused to do, so O'Brien refused to accept the Oscar award for himself. This act of refusing his Oscar hurt O'Brien's reputation as a player in the Hollywood establishment, forever making him a semi-outsider in the industry, and thus whose own film proposals were seldom taken seriously. One of O'Brien's crew was Linwood G. Dunn, who did all of the optical composites for ''King Kong'' and '' Son of Kong'' (also 1933), and who was a future Treasurer and President of the AMPAS and who revealed this story in private conversations with various visual effects associates years later, long after O'Brien's death. The success of ''King Kong'' led to the studio commissioning the hurried sequel, which O'Brien described as cheesy. With a limited budget and a short production schedule, O'Brien chose to leave the animation work to his animation assistant, Buzz Gibson, and asked the studio not to credit him on the project. While making one of his daily visits to the set, O'Brien, who had remained close to his two sons after his separation from his estranged wife, invited Willis Jr. and the now completely blind William with him to handle the Kong and dinosaur models. A few weeks after this visit O'Brien's ex-wife, Hazel Ruth Collette, shot and killed William and Willis Jr. before turning the gun on herself. She survived the suicide attempt, and by draining her tubercular lung actually extended her life by another year. A publicity photo of O'Brien taken around this time shows the anguish on his face. Hazel Ruth Collette remained in the Los Angeles General Hospital prison ward until her death in 1934. On November 17 that same year O'Brien married his second wife, Darlyne Prenett, with whom he remained until his death. O'Brien continued to work with

at RKO on a number of projects including the epic '' The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1935) and ''

Dancing Pirate ''Dancing Pirate'' is a 1936 American musical comedy film directed by Lloyd Corrigan. It is the List of three-strip Technicolor films, third film shot in the Technicolor#Three strip Technicolor, three strip Technicolor process and the first music ...

'' (1936), which was O'Brien's first

Technicolor Technicolor is a family of Color motion picture film, color motion picture processes. The first version, Process 1, was introduced in 1916, and improved versions followed over several decades. Definitive Technicolor movies using three black-and ...

production. The two also developed ''War Eagles'' about a race of Vikings riding on prehistoric eagles fighting with dinosaurs, but the project was cancelled when Cooper re-enlisted as a colonel in the U.S. Army Air Forces at the outset of World War II. O'Brien went on to do some special effects work, re-using one of the mattes from ''Son of Kong'', on

Orson Welles George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director, actor, writer, producer, and magician who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is among the greatest and most influential film ...

' ''

Citizen Kane ''Citizen Kane'' is a 1941 American Drama (film and television), drama film directed by, produced by and starring Orson Welles and co-written by Welles and Herman J. Mankiewicz. It was Welles's List of directorial debuts, first feature film. ...

'' (1941) and

George Pal George Pal (born György Pál Marczincsak; ; February 1, 1908 – May 2, 1980) was a Hungarian-American animator, film director and producer, principally associated with the fantasy and science-fiction genres. He became an American citizen after ...

's Oscar-nominated animated short '' Tulips Shall Grow'' (1942), as well as developing his own project, ''Gwangi'', about cowboys who encounter a prehistoric animal in a "lost" valley, which he failed to sell to the studio. '' Mighty Joe Young'' (1949), on which O'Brien is credited as Technical Creator, won an

in 1950. Credit for the award went to the film's producers, RKO Productions, but O'Brien was also awarded a statue, this time proudly accepted by him. O'Brien was assisted by his protege (and successor)

Ray Harryhausen Raymond Frederick Harryhausen (June 29, 1920 – May 7, 2013) was an American-British animator and special effects creator who is regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of both fields. In a career spanning more than 40 ...

and Pete Peterson on this film, and by some accounts left the majority of the animation to them. O'Brien and his wife developed ''Emilio and Guloso'' (aka, ''Valley of the Mist''), about a Mexican boy and his pet bull who save their town from a dinosaur called "Lagarto Grande", which was optioned by producer Jesse L. Lasky Sr., with O'Brien and Harryhausen on board to do special effects, before falling through. O'Brien subsequently worked for Cooper at the new Cinerama corporation with plans to do a remake of ''King Kong'' using the new wide-screen techniques but ended up contributing a matte for the travelogue ''

This Is Cinerama ''This Is Cinerama'' is a 1952 American documentary film directed by Mike Todd, Michael Todd Jr., Walter A. Thompson and Fred Rickey and starring Lowell Thomas.

'' (1952) when this project also fell through. O'Brien worked with Harryhausen one last time on the dinosaur sequence for

Irwin Allen Irwin Allen (born Irwin O. Cohen; June 12, 1916 – November 2, 1991) was an American film and television producer and director, known for his work in science fiction, then later as the "Master of Disaster" for his work in the disaster film genr ...

's nature documentary '' The Animal World'' (1956). O'Brien's story ideas for ''Gwangi'' and ''Valley of the Mist'' were developed into Edward Nassour and Ismael Rodríguez's ''

The Beast of Hollow Mountain ''The Beast of Hollow Mountain'' is a 1956 weird west horror film about an American rancher living in Mexico who discovers that his missing cattle are being preyed upon by a dinosaur. Plot In southern Mexico at the turn of the 20th century, t ...

'' (also 1956) but he did not work on the film's effects, which were the first to combine stop-motion and live-action in a color film. O'Brien also worked with Peterson again on '' The Black Scorpion'' (1957) and '' Behemoth, the Sea Monster'' (aka "The Giant Behemoth") (1959), but the two animators subsequently struggled to find other work. Allen hired O'Brien as the effects technician on his remake of '' The Lost World'' (1960), but he was given little to do as the producer opted for live lizards instead of stop-motion animation for the dinosaurs. One of his story ideas ''King Kong vs. Frankenstein'' was developed into

Ishirō Honda was a Japanese filmmaker who directed 46 feature films in a career spanning five decades. He is acknowledged as the most internationally successful Japanese filmmaker prior to Hayao Miyazaki and one of the founders of modern disaster film, wit ...

's '' King Kong vs. Godzilla'' (1962) but O'Brien was once again not involved in the production. Shortly before his death, he animated a brief scene for Linwood G. Dunn's "Film Effects of Hollywood" company in ''

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World'' is a 1963 American Technicolor epic comedy film in Ultra Panavision 70 produced and directed by Stanley Kramer, from a screenplay by William and Tania Rose. The film, starring Spencer Tracy with an all ...

'' (1963), featuring the male leads and secondary characters dangling from a fire escape and ladder, but he died before the film was released. O'Brien died in Los Angeles on November 8, 1962. He was survived by his second wife, Darlyne. In 1997, he was posthumously awarded the Winsor McCay Award by

, the United States chapter of the International Animated Film Society

ASIFA The International Animated Film Association (French: ''Association Internationale du Film d'Animation'', ASIFA) is an international non-profit organization founded in 1960 in Annecy, France by well-known animation artists including Canadian an ...

(Association internationale du film d'animation). The award is in recognition of lifetime or career contributions to the art of animation. His interment was located at Chapel of the Pines Crematory. The film '' The Valley of Gwangi'' (1969), completed for Warner Brothers by Harryhausen seven years after O'Brien's death, was based on an idea the latter had spent years trying to bring to the screen. O'Brien wrote the script for an earlier version of the story which was released as ''

'' (US 1956), but O'Brien did not handle the effects for that movie. O'Brien's work was celebrated in March 1983 with the appearance of his wife, Darlene, at a 50th anniversary event commemorating the day of the first screening of the film at Graumann's (later Mann's) Chinese Theater on

Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Boulevard is a major east–west street in Los Angeles, California. It runs through the Hollywood, East Hollywood, Little Armenia, Thai Town, and Los Feliz districts. Its western terminus is at Sunset Plaza Drive in the Hollyw ...

, complete with a screening of a new print of ''King Kong'' and a new recreation of the full-scale bust of Kong that appeared 50 years apart at both events in the outdoor lobby of the theater. Three articles in the August, 1983, issue of ''

American Cinematographer The American Society of Cinematographers (ASC), founded in Hollywood in 1919, is a cultural, educational, and professional organization that is neither a labor union nor a guild. The society was organized to advance the science and art of cinem ...

'' magazine detailed the 1983 anniversary event. In March 1984, O'Brien's work was the subject of a special exhibit at the Kaiser Center in Oakland, California. This exhibit included many sketches, artifacts, and photographs from O'Brien's personal collection, some of which had never been seen in public. In 2005,

Peter Jackson Sir Peter Robert Jackson (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand filmmaker. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of the ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy (2001–2003) and the ''Hobbit'' trilogy (2012–2014), both of which ar ...

produced and directed ''

''. It was filmed in New Zealand and featured visual effects by Weta Digital. It was dedicated to O'Brien and the other key contributors to the original film.

Filmography

Silent shorts

Herman Webber production, later sold to Edison: * '' The Dinosaur and the Missing Link: A Prehistoric Tragedy'' (1915) (Reissued in 1917 as ''The Dinosaur and the Baboon'' by Edison's Conquest Pictures) Edison Studio's Conquest Pictures (half-reel shorts): * ''Morpheus Mike'' (1917) (Made in 1915) * ''Prehistoric Poultry, The Dinornis or Great Roaring Whiffenpoof'' (1916) * ''The Birth of a Flivver'' (1917) (made in 1916) * ''R.F.D. 10,000 B.C.: A Mannikin Comedy'' (1917) full-reel short * ''Curious Pets of Our Ancestors'' (1917) Unknown releases: * ''In the Villain's Power'' (1917) * ''Mickey's Naughty Nightmares'' (1917) ** The ''Nippy's Nightmare'' and ''Mickey and his Goat'' segments. (The first film to combine stop motion and live action). * ''Sam Lloyd's Famous Puzzles'' (1917) ** ''The Puzzling Billboard'' segment Herbert M. Dawley Productions: * '' The Ghost of Slumber Mountain'' (1918) 2 reels * ''Along the Moonbeam Trail'' (1920) 1 reel

Feature films

* '' The Lost World'' (1925) * ''

'' (1933) * '' Son of Kong'' (1933) * '' She'' (1934, preproduction) * '' The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1935) * ''

'' (1936, matte painting) * ''

Going My Way ''Going My Way'' is a 1944 American musical comedy drama film directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald. Written by Frank Butler and Frank Cavett, based on a story by McCarey, the film is about a new young priest ...

'' (1944, matte paintings) * '' The Bells of St. Mary's'' (1945, matte paintings) * ''

The Miracle of the Bells ''The Miracle of the Bells'' is a 1948 American drama film directed by Irving Pichel, written by Quentin Reynolds and Ben Hecht, and produced by RKO. It stars Fred MacMurray, Alida Valli, Frank Sinatra and Lee J. Cobb. The film is based on the 1 ...

'' (1948, matte paintings) * '' Mighty Joe Young'' (1949,

Academy Award The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in film. They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence ...

winner) * ''

This Is Cinerama ''This Is Cinerama'' is a 1952 American documentary film directed by Mike Todd, Michael Todd Jr., Walter A. Thompson and Fred Rickey and starring Lowell Thomas.

'' (1952) * '' The Animal World'' (1956) * ''The Beast of Hollow Mountain'' (1956, O'Brien worked on screenplay only) * '' The Black Scorpion'' (1957) * '' The Giant Behemoth'' (1959, a.k.a. ''Behemoth, the Sea Monster'') * '' The Lost World'' (1960) * ''

'' (1963, posthumous release)

Short films

* '' Tulips Shall Grow'' (1942, Academy Award nominated)

Story by

* ''

'' (1956) * * '' King Kong vs. Godzilla'' (1962) * '' The Valley of Gwangi'' (1969) - based on O'Brien's unproduced ''Gwangi'' (1941)

Abandoned project

* '' Creation'' (1931) – Abandoned feature by RKO due to expense and pace. 20 minutes of completed sequences didn't show enough action to warrant a feature film. (Completed footage later released as an 11-minute short in 16mm rental)

References

Bibliography

* Archer, Steve. ''Willis O'Brien: Special Effects Genius.'' McFarland & Company: Jefferson, 1993. * Shay, Don. "Willis O'Brien: Creator of the Impossible." ''Cinefex'' 7, Jan. 1981, pp. 4–71.

External links

*
"Willis H. O'Brien: special effects pioneer"
(Additional information and photos)

(early stop-motion shorts and photos)
Auction site
{{DEFAULTSORT:Obrien, Willis 1886 births 1962 deaths Animators from California Articles containing video clips Burials at Chapel of the Pines Crematory Clay animators American special effects people American stop motion animators