Wien

Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. Its larger metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.9 million, representing nearly one-third of the country's population. Vienna is the cultural, economic, and political center of the country, the fifth-largest city by population in the European Union, and the most-populous of the cities on the river Danube.

The city lies on the eastern edge of the Vienna Woods (''Wienerwald''), the northeasternmost foothills of the Alps, that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria, at the transition to the Pannonian Basin. It sits on the Danube, and is traversed by the highly regulated Wienfluss (''Vienna River''). Vienna is completely surrounded by Lower Austria, and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of Slovakia and its capital Bratislava, 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Hungary, and 60 km (37 mi) south of Moravia (Czech Republic).

The Romans founded a castrum at Vienna, which they called '' Vindobona'', in the 1st century, when the region belonged to the province of Pannonia. It was elevated to a municipium with Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the Lombards and later the Pannonian Avars, when Slavs formed the majority of the region's population. From the 8th century on, the region was settled by the Baiuvarii. In 1155, Vienna became the seat of the Babenbergs, who ruled Austria from 976 to 1246. In 1221, Vienna was granted city rights. During the 16th century, the Habsburgs, who had succeeded the Babenbergs, established Vienna as the seat of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, a position it held until the empire's dissolution in 1806, with only a brief interruption. With the formation of the Austrian Empire in 1804, Vienna became the capital of it and all its successor states.

Throughout the modern era, Vienna has been among the largest German-speaking cities in the world. It was the largest in the 18th and 19th century, peaking at two million inhabitants before it was overtaken by Berlin at the beginning of the 20th century. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017, it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger.

Vienna is renowned for its rich musical heritage, having been home to many celebrated classical composers, including Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, Haydn, Mahler, Mozart, Schoenberg, Schubert, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II. It played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The city was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century ''Ringstraße'', which is lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks.

Etymology

The place is mentioned as ''Οϋι �δ�βονα (Oui dbona)'' in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy, ''Geography'', II, 14, 3); ''Vindobona'' in the 3rd century (''Itinerarium Antonini Augusti'' 233, 8); ''Vindobona'' in the 4th century (, V, 1); ''Vindomana'' ab. 400 (, 145, 16); ''Vindomina, Vendomina'' in the 6th century (Jordanes, '' De origine actibusque Getarum'', 50, 264).

The English name ''Vienna'' is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German name comes from the name of the river ''Wien'', mentioned ''ad UUeniam'' in 881 (''Wenia-'' in modern writing).

The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extraction , probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, , meaning "white" (Old Irish "white", Welsh / , Old Breton "white, bright" > Breton "white"), and "foundation, settlement, village", Xavier Delamarre, ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental'', éditions Errance, Paris, 2003, p. 82-319-320 related to Old Irish ''bun'' "base, foundation" and Welsh ''bon'', same meaning. The Celtic word may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak, Polish and Ukrainian names of the city (, , and respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.

The name of the city in Hungarian (), Serbo-Croatian ( hbs-Latn-Cyrl, Beč, Беч, label=none) and Ottoman Turkish (, ''Beç'') has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene speakers call the city , which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.

History

Roman period

In the 1st century, the Romans set up the military camp of Vindobona in Pannonia on the site of today's Vienna city center near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the borders of the Roman Empire. Construction of the legionary camp began around 97 AD. At its peak, Vindobona had a population of around 15,000 people. It was a part of a trade and communications network across the Empire. Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius may have died here in 180 AD during a campaign against the Marcomanni.

After a Germanic invasion in the second century the city was rebuilt. It served as a seat of the Roman government until the fifth century, when the population fled due to the Huns invasion of Pannonia. The city was abandoned for several centuries.

Evidence of the Romans in the city is plentiful. Remains of the military camp have been found under the city, as well as fragments of the canal system and figurines.

Middle Ages

Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish ''Colmán'', derived from ''colm'' "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.
In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1155, Henry II, Duke of Austria moved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of the Schottenstift from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of the Aulic Council and subsequently later in the 16th century of the Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire with an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.

Austrian Empire and early 20th century

In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in 1848, which were suppressed. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the ''Ringstraße'', a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became the capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.

From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss.
The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, the Second Viennese School, the architecture of Adolf Loos, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle.

Red Vienna

The city of Vienna became the center of socialist politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as Red Vienna (''Das rote Wien''). After a new breed of socialist politicians won the local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment. Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and commanded the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. Jakob Reumann was appointed by the city council as city mayor. The theoretical foundations of so-called Austromarxism were established by Otto Bauer, Karl Renner, and Max Adler.

Red Vienna is perhaps most well known for its '' Gemeindebauten'', public housing buildings. Between 1925 and 1934, over 60,000 new apartments were built in the Gemeindebauten. Apartments were assigned on the basis of a point system favoring families and less affluent citizens.

July Revolt and Civil War

In July 1927, after three nationalist far-right paramilitary members were acquitted of the killing of two social democratic '' Republikanischer Schutzbund'' members, a riot broke out in the city. The protestors, enraged by the decision, set the Palace of Justice ablaze. The police attempted to end the revolt with force and killed at least 84 protestors, with 5 policemen also dying. In 1933, right-wing Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved the parliament, essentially letting him run the country as a dictatorship, banned the Communist Party and severely limited the influence of the Social Democratic Party. This led to a civil war between the right-wing government and socialist forces the following year, which started in Linz and quickly spread to Vienna. Socialist members of the '' Republikanischer Schutzbund'' barricaded themselves inside the housing estates and exchanged fire with the police and paramilitary groups. The fighting in Vienna ended after the Austrian Armed Forces shelled the Karl-Marx-Hof, a civilian housing estate, and the ''Schutzbund'' surrendered.

Anschluss and World War II

On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops first entered Austria, Adolf Hitler arrived in Vienna. 200,000 Austrians greeted him at the Heldenplatz, where he delivered a speech from a balcony in the Neue Burg, announcing that Austria would be absorbed into Nazi Germany. The persecution of Jews began almost immediately: Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, and their homes and businesses plundered. Some were forced to scrub pro-independence slogans off the streets. This culminated in the Kristallnacht, a nationwide pogrom against Jews carried out by the Schutzstaffel and the Sturmabteilung, with the support of the Hitler Youth and German civilians. All synagogues and prayer houses in the city were destroyed, except for the Stadttempel, due to its proximity to residential buildings. Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, as Austria had ceased to exist. The few resistors in the city were arrested.

Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organised the expropriation and persecution of Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate, and approximately 65,000 were killed. After the war, Vienna's Jewish population was only about 5,000.

In 1942, the city suffered its first air raid, carried out by the Soviet air force. Only after the Allies had taken Italy did the next raids commence. From 17 March 1944, a total of 51 air raids were carried out in Vienna. Targets of the bombings were primarily the city's oil refineries. However, around a third of the city centre was destroyed, and culturally important buildings such as the State Opera and the Burgtheater were burned, and the Albertina was heavily damaged. These air raids lasted until March 1945, just before the Soviet troops started the Vienna Offensive.

The Red Army, which had previously marched through Hungary, first entered Vienna on 6 April. Initially, they attacked the eastern and southern suburbs before advancing to the western suburbs. By the 8th, they had surrounded the city centre. The following day, the Soviets started with the infiltration of the city centre. Fighting continued for a few more days until the Soviet Navy’s Danube Flotilla naval force arrived with reinforcements. The remaining defending soldiers surrendered that same day.

Four-power Vienna

After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an ''international zone'' in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The city was policed by the four powers on a day-to-day basis using the "four soldiers in a jeep" method, which had one soldier from each nation sitting together. The four powers all had separate headquarters, the Soviets in Palais Epstein next to the Parliament, the French in Hotel Kummer on Mariahilferstraße, the Americans in the National Bank, and the British in Schönnbrunn Palace. The division of the city was not comparable to that of Berlin. Although the borders between the sectors were marked, travel between them was freely possible.

During the ten years of the four-power occupation, Vienna was a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs, which deeply distrusted each other. The city experienced an economic upturn due to the Marshall Plan. The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film '' The Third Man'' (1949). The film's theme music was composed and performed by Viennese musician Anton Karas using a zither. Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it.

Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty

The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the ''Ringstraße'' reopened to the public.

In the Autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarian refugees, who had fled Hungary after an attempted revolution. The city experienced another wave of refugees after the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991.

In 1972 the construction of the '' Donauinsel and'' the excavation of the New Danube began. In the same decade, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Centre, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organisations, such as the United Nations.

Demographics

Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy. The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916.

Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.

By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%).

, an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.

From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.

Religion

According to the 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese were Christian. Among them, 31.8% were Catholic, 11.2% were Eastern Orthodox, and 3.7% were Protestant, mostly Lutheran, 34.1% had no religious affiliation, 14.8% were Muslim, and 2% were of other religions, including Jewish. One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000.

Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.

As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna.

Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic Churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, St. Stephen's Cathedral (''Stephansdom''), Karlskirche, Peterskirche, Vienna, Peterskirche and the Votive Church, Vienna, Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of Nipponzan Myohoji.

Geography

Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.78 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.

Climate

Whereas the higher elevated north/western edges of Vienna have a borderline oceanic climate, oceanic (Köppen climate classification, Köppen: ''Cfb'') and humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification, Köppen: ''Dfb''), most parts of the urban core are warm enough for a humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification, Köppen: ''Cfa'') classification with dozens of days exceeding and night temperatures not dropping below .

The city has warm to hot showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between and a record maximum exceeding . Winters are relatively dry and cool to cold with daily mean temperatures at or well above freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in or after November. Snowfall and frequent frost have become rare though in the last decades, with snow cover mostly ranging from zero to a few inches for a short period of time.

Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is not common anymore and not so frequent compared to the mostly alpine Western and Southern regions of Austria.

Districts and enlargement

Districts

Vienna is divided into 23 districts. The district number are displayed on every street sign before the street name (e.g., 16., Thaliastraße). They also serve as the second and third digits of the postcode (1010 for the 1st district to 1230 for the 23rd district).

Politics

Political history

In the provinces represented in the Imperial Council (Austria), Imperial Council, men had enjoyed universal suffrage at the national level since 1907. However, Mayor Karl Lueger of the Christian Social Party (Austria), Christian Social Party prevented the adoption of this right to vote in municipal council elections, effectively excluding many working-class people. The first elections in which Universal suffrage, all adult men and women were entitled to vote took place in 1919, after the end of the monarchy. Since 1919, the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) has consistently provided the mayor in all free elections, and the Vienna City Council (the city parliament) has maintained a Social Democratic majority.

On 10 November 1920, the Constitution of Austria, Federal Constitution of Austria came into force. This constitution defined Vienna as a separate Federal states of Austria, federal state, enabling its separation from Lower Austria. Since then, the List of mayors of Vienna, mayor of Vienna has also served as the governor of the state, the city senate has functioned as the state government and the municipal council the state parliament. Vienna continued to serve as the seat of the Lower Austrian government until 1997, when it relocated to Sankt Pölten, St. Pölten.

From 1934 to 1945, during the Federal State of Austria, Austrofascist and Austria within Nazi Germany, Nazi periods, no democratic elections were held, and the city was governed under a dictatorship. During this time, the SPÖ was banned, and many of its members were imprisoned. Vienna's city constitution was reinstated in 1945.

The city has enacted numerous social democratic policies. One notable example is the Gemeindebauten, Public housing, social housing assets that are well-integrated into the city's architecture outside the inner district. These low-cost rentals provide comfortable accommodation and good access to city amenities. Many of the projects were built after World War II on vacant lots left by bombings during the war, with a strong emphasis on high construction standards. Today, Vienna's social housing accommodates over 500,000 people.

Government

In the 1996 City Council election, the Social Democratic Party of Austria, SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had previously held an outright majority in every free municipal election since 1919. In the same election, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) won 29 seats, an increase from 21 in 1991, and surpassed the Austrian People's Party, ÖVP, who finished in third place for the second consecutive election. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a Coalition government, coalition with the ÖVP.

In 2001 Viennese state election, 2001, the SPÖ regained their overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote. In 2005 Viennese state election, 2005, this majority increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). However, in the 2010 Viennese state election, 2010 elections, the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and subsequently formed a coalition with the The Greens (Austria), Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition remained in place following the 2015 Viennese state election, 2015 election.

After the 2020 Viennese state election, 2020 election, the SPÖ formed a coalition with NEOS (Austria), NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum. The next elections are scheduled to take place on 2025 Viennese state election, 27 April 2025.

Current government

The latest elections were held on 27 April 2025.

Economy

Vienna generates 25.1% of Austria's GDP, making it the highest performing List of Austrian states by GDP, regional economy of the country. It has a GDP per capita of €56,600€ as of 2024. The unemployment rate in Vienna is 9.6% as of 2022, which is the highest of all the states. The private service sector provides 75% of all jobs. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the list in 2015. Of the top 500 Austrian firms measured by revenue, turnover, 203 are headquartered in Vienna. As of 2015, 175 international firms maintained offices in Vienna.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as a gateway to Eastern Europe. 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna, including Hewlett-Packard, Henkel, Baxalta, and Siemens.

Research and development

Bioscience is a major research and development sector in Vienna. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and Pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).

Vienna is home to Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate in Vienna. The Central European Diabetes Association, a cooperative international medical research association, was founded in the city.

Information technologies

The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with those of Helsinki, Milan, or Munich, and ranks among Europe's largest locations for information technology. In 2012 8,962 information technology businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna region. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.

Conferences

In 2022, the International Congress and Convention Association, International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 1st in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Office at Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).

Tourism

There were 17.3 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2023. The top ten incoming markets in 2023 were Germany, the rest of Austria, the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Poland, Switzerland, and Romania.

Culture

Classical music, theater, and opera

Vienna has a long-standing tradition of art and culture, encompassing theater, opera, classical music, and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the premier theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater, Vienna, Volkstheater and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern or experimental plays, as well as cabaret.

The city is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Vienna State Opera, Staatsoper and the Vienna Volksoper, Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta.Vienna has long been a hub for classical music, nurturing both native composers and musicians who moved there to work. Notable composers born in Vienna include Franz Schubert, Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Joseph Lanner, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II. Violinist Fritz Kreisler and electronic music pioneer Louie Austen also hail from the city.

Many influential composers relocated to Vienna, including Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Franz Liszt, Gustav Mahler, Anton Bruckner, and Antonio Salieri. The city also hosted premieres of operas such as ''Fidelio, Die Fledermaus, The Gypsy Baron, The Magic Flute'', and ''The Marriage of Figaro''.

Vienna continues to be a center for classical performances, with venues like the Musikverein, Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, famous for its Vienna New Year's Concert, annual New Year's Concert, and the Konzerthaus, Vienna, Wiener Konzerthaus, headquarters of the Vienna Symphony, Vienna Symphony Orchestra. Many concerts cater to tourists, featuring music by Mozart and the Strauss family.

Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller-sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005, the most successful musical was ''Elisabeth (musical), Elisabeth'', which was later translated into several languages and performed around the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik museum ("House of Music") opened in 2000.

Founded in 1963 and located in Josefstadt, the Vienna's English Theatre, Vienna’s English Theatre (VET) is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe

Popular music

Vienna has made significant contributions to pop music, with pioneers of Austropop such as Georg Danzer, Rainhard Fendrich, Wolfgang Ambros, and Peter Cornelius (singer-songwriter), Peter Cornelius. Willi Resetarits lived in the city from the age of three. The internationally best-known Viennese artist was Falco (musician), Falco, whose song ”Rock Me Amadeus” is the only German-language song to reach Lists of Billboard number-one singles, number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, American Billboard Hot 100, which it held for three weeks in List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1986, 1986. His other hits, such as “Der Kommissar (song), Der Kommissar” and “Jeanny (song), Jeanny” also charted internationally. The founder of the American jazz fusion band Weather Report and Miles Davis Bitches Brew, collaborator, Joe Zawinul, was born in Vienna and studied music at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Conservatory of Vienna. Current artists include Rapping, Rapper RAF Camora, who grew up in the district of Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus and often emphasizes his ties to his home in his lyrics, as well as Hip hop music, hip-hop-musician Yung Hurn and Independent music, indie pop band Wanda (band), Wanda.

Multiple popular songs have been written about Vienna, such as Vienna (Billy Joel song), "Vienna" (1977) by Billy Joel, Vienna (Ultravox song), "Vienna" (1981) by Ultravox, and "Vienna Calling" by Falco (musician), Falco.

The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. They are sung in Viennese German, Viennese dialect and often center around the city. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.

Every year the Donauinsel stages the ''Donauinselfest'', the largest open-air music festival in the world, with approximately 3 million attendees over three days. The festival is organized by the SPÖ Vienna, SPÖ Wien and is free to enter. The Jazz Fest Wien, Vienna Jazz Festival has taken place almost every year since 1991 and has featured artists such as Nina Simone, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Ravi Shankar.

Cinema

Films set in Vienna include Amadeus (film), ''Amadeus'', ''Before Sunrise'', '' The Third Man'', ''The Living Daylights'' and ''Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation.''

Notable actors born in the city include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Senta Berger, and Christine Ostermayer. Many filmmakers, such as Michael Haneke and Fritz Lang, were born in Vienna. Billy Wilder and Otto Preminger also lived in the city, with Preminger studying and beginning his career there.

Vienna's cinemas include the Apollo Kino and ''Cineplexx Cinemas, Cineplexx Donauzentrum'' and many English (language), English language cinemas, including the Haydn Kino, Artis International and the Burg Kino, which screens '' The Third Man'', a 1949 film set in Vienna, three times a week.

Every October since 1960 the city has staged the Vienna International Film Festival, Viennale, an international film festival which screens several different Film genre, genres of films and many premieres.

Literature

Notable writers from Vienna include Carl Julius Haidvogel, Karl Leopold von Möller, Franz Grillparzer, and Stefan Zweig.

Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Ingeborg Bachmann, Thomas Bernhard, Elias Canetti, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Elfriede Jelinek, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Robert Musil, Arthur Schnitzler, and Bertha von Suttner.

Science

Scientists and intellectuals who were born, lived or worked in Vienna include:

* Biology: Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch, Max Perutz
* Computer science, Computer Science: Heinz Zemanek
* Chemistry: Karl Kordesch, Walter Kohn, Carl Ferdinand Cori, Carl and Gerty Cori, Gerti Cori, Richard Kuhn
* Economics Austrian school of economics, (Austrian School of Economics): Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Rudolf Hilferding
* Engineering: Viktor Kaplan, Robert Adler, Paul Eisler, Siegfried Marcus
* Jurisprudence: Hans Kelsen, Karl Renner
* Mathematics: Kurt Gödel
* Medicine: Ignaz Semmelweis, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, Ferdinand von Hebra, Karl Landsteiner, Hans Asperger, Carl von Rokitansky, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Robert Bárány, Theodor Billroth, Karl Koller (ophthalmologist), Karl Koller
* Philosophy: Karl Popper, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Paul Feyerabend, Moritz Schlick
* Physics: Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli, Ludwig Boltzmann, Victor Francis Hess, Victor Franz Hess, Ernst Mach, Christian Doppler, Josef Stefan, Anton Zeilinger
* Psychology: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Viktor Frankl
* Sociology: Karl Polanyi, Otto Bauer, Max Adler

Museums

The majority of museums in Vienna are located in an area on the border of Innere Stadt and Neubau in the center of the city, from the museums inside the Hofburg to the MuseumsQuartier, with the twin Natural History Museum, Vienna, Naturhistorisches Museum and Kunsthistorisches Museum in between. This area is home to many museums such as:
* In and around the Hofburg:
** Imperial Treasury, Vienna, Imperial Treasury: A collection of European treasures, including the Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Imperial Crown of Austria
** Sisi Museum: Dedicated to Empress Elisabeth of Austria, allowing visitors to view the imperial apartments.
** Weltmuseum Wien: An Anthropology, anthropological museum housing many Ethnography, ethnographic objects from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, such as Moctezuma's headdress.
** House of Austrian History
** Globe Museum
** Esperanto Museum and Collection of Planned Languages
** Austrian National Library
** Ephesos Museum
** Albertina: An art museum featuring approximately 65,000 drawings and one million old master prints, with works by Leonardo da Vinci, Claude Monet and Albrecht Dürer. ''Young Hare'' by Dürer is perhaps the most well-known painting in the museum.

* On Maria-Theresien-Platz: Two almost identical buildings were completed in 1891 and opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I.
** Kunsthistorisches Museum: an art museum featuring works from artists such as Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Caravaggio, Albrecht Dürer, Raphael, Rembrandt, Titian and Johannes Vermeer, Vermeer. Notable works include ''The Tower of Babel (Bruegel), The (Great) Tower of Babel'' and ''The Hunters in the Snow'' (both by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Bruegel)'',''
** Naturhistorisches Museum: A natural history museum with 30 million objects in its collection, of which 100,000 are on display. A notable exhibit is the Venus of Willendorf, a 25,000-year-old statue found in Austria.

* In the MuseumsQuartier: The former imperial stalls were converted to a group of museums in the late 1990s and opened in 2001.
** Mumok, MUMOK (Museum of Modern art, Modern Art): A modern and contemporary art museum housing works from artists such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Pablo Picasso.
** Leopold Museum: A collection of modern Culture of Austria#Visual art, Austrian art featuring works by Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, as well as pieces from Vienna Secession, Wiener Moderne, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism.
** Kunsthalle Wien
** ''ZOOM Kindermuseum''
** Architekturzentrum Wien

The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere at the Belvedere, Vienna, Belvedere presents art from Austria from the Middle Ages through the Baroque to the early 20th century, including The Kiss (Klimt), ''The Kiss'', Gustav Klimt's most famous work. It also houses the Baroque Museum with Franz Xaver Messerschmidt's famous character heads. In 2011, Belvedere 21 (formerly 21er Haus) was reopened in its immediate vicinity as a branch of contemporary art.

The Vienna Museum documents the history of Vienna with a permanent presentation and temporary exhibitions and presents the memorials to Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert and Johann Strauss. Other branches of the museum include the Hermesvilla in the Lainzer Tiergarten, the Vienna Clock Museum, the Roman Museum and the Prater Museum.

The former imperial summer residence at Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna's most visited attraction, is set up as a museum with the palace's showrooms and the Imperial Carriage Museum.

The Museum of Military History, Vienna, Museum of Military History in the Vienna Arsenal, Arsenal is the leading museum of the Austrian Armed Forces and documents the history of the Military history of Austria, Austrian military with exhibits including weapons, armour, tanks, aircraft, Military uniform, uniforms, War flag, battle flags, Military art, paintings, Orders, decorations, and medals of Austria-Hungary, medals and decorations, photographs, List of ships of Austria-Hungary, battleship models and documents.

Other museums in the city include:
* Haus der Musik, House of Music, a music museum in the former palace of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, Archduke Charles, where Otto Nicolai, founder of the Vienna Philharmonic, once lived.
* ''Haus des Meeres'', a public aquarium in a WWII flak tower.
* Museum of Art Fakes
* ''KunstHausWien''
* Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, Museum of Applied Arts
* Liechtenstein Museum
* Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna), Sigmund Freud Museum, a museum about Sigmund Freud, Freud’s life at his old residence.
* Mozarthaus Vienna
* ''Third Man Museum, Dritte Mann Museum'', centered around the 1949 British film '' The Third Man'', set in post-World War II Vienna
* Liechtenstein Museum
* Jewish Museum Vienna, founded in 1896, the oldest of its kind.
* Money Museum, owned by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, Austrian National Bank
* Museum of illusions

Architecture

A variety of architectural styles have been preserved in Vienna, including Romanesque architecture, Romanesque and Baroque architecture. The Vienna Secession, an art movement closely related to Art Nouveau, has left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession Building, Vienna, Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best-known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.

The Wiener Moderne shunned the use of extraneous adornment. Architect Adolf Loos is responsible for the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar (1908), and the Steiner House (1910).

The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Hundertwasser also designed the KunstHausWien and the District Heating Plant in Alsergrund.

In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt and Wienerberg. Vienna has seen numerous architectural projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer, Vienna, Gasometer in 2001.

The DC Towers are located on the northern bank of the Danube and were completed in 2013.

Places of worship

Due to the prevalence of Christianity in the city, most places of worship are churches and cathedrals. Most notable are:
* St. Rupert's Church, Vienna, St. Rupert's Church (ca. 800), considered the oldest church in the city.
* St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, St. Stephen's Cathedral (1137), the Gothic architecture, Gothic Mother Church#Cathedral, mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, one of the city's most recognizable symbols. Located in the Stephansplatz, Vienna, Stephansplatz in the center of town, it is a popular tourist attraction.
* Schottenkirche, Vienna, Schottenkirche (12th century), founded by Irish Benedictines, Benedictine monks as the parish church of the Schottenstift.
* Maria am Gestade (1414), one of Vienna's oldest churches and an example of Gothic architecture.
* Capuchin Church, Vienna, Capuchin Church (1632), home to the Imperial Crypt, the burial site of many members of the House of Habsburg, Habsburg family.
* Karlskirche (1737), a Baroque architecture, Baroque church in the Karlsplatz and a popular tourist attraction.
* Peterskirche, Vienna, Peterskirche (early 18th century), located near the Graben, Vienna, Graben and a major tourist destination.
* Votivkirche, Vienna, Votivkirche (1879), built on the Ringstraße as an expression of gratitude after Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt in 1853.
* St. Francis of Assisi Church, Vienna, St. Francis of Assisi Church (1910), a Basilica-style church on the bank of the Danube on the Mexikoplatz, is administered by the Trinitarian Order, Order of the Holy Trinity.

Other notable churches include the Augustinian Church, Vienna, Augustinian Church, the Dominican Church, Vienna, Church of St. Maria Rotunda, the Kirche am Steinhof, Church of St. Leopold, the Franciscan Church, Vienna, Franciscan Church, the Jesuit Church, Vienna, Jesuit Church and the Minoritenkirche (Vienna), Minoritenkirche.

Vienna's biggest mosque is the Vienna Islamic Centre, Vienna Islamic Center in Kaisermühlen, which is financed by the Muslim World League. The mosque features a 32-meter-high minaret and a Qubba, dome 16 meters high, with a 20-meter radius. In addition, there are over 100 further mosques in the city.

Before the Kristallnacht, November pogroms of 1938, also known as the Kristallnacht, Vienna had 24 synagogues and 78 prayer houses. Only one synagogue, the Stadttempel, survived the destruction.

Ball dances

The first Ball (dance event), balls in Vienna were held in the 18th century. The ball season takes place annually during Carnival, running from 11 November to Shrove Tuesday. Many balls are held in the Hofburg, Vienna City Hall, Rathaus and Musikverein. Guests adhere to a strict dress code, men are required to wear Black tie, black or white tie, while women must wear ball gowns. Debutants of the ball wear white.

The balls are opened with dances, traditionally including a Viennese waltz, at around 22:00, and close at about 05:00 the next morning. Food served at the balls includes sausages with bread, and goulash.

Notable Viennese balls include the Vienna Opera Ball, the Vienna Ball of Sciences, the Wiener Akademikerball and the Hofburg Silvesterball.

The Wiener Akademikerball in the Hofburg has attracted lots of controversy for being a gathering for Far-right politics, far-right politicians and groups. The ball is hosted by the Freedom Party of Austria, FPÖ, the right-wing populist party of Austria and has attracted multiple right-wing and far-right personalities, such as Martin Sellner and Marine Le Pen. Since 2008, annual demonstrations organized by various groups have protested against the event. Former leader of the FPÖ Heinz-Christian Strache compared Anti-fascism, anti-fascist protesters to a Nazism, Nazi mob, alleging that the ball attendees were being treated as "The Holocaust, new Jews".

Language

Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian (''Mittelbairisch''). The Viennese dialect takes many loanword from languages of the former Habsburg Monarchy, especially Czech. The dialect differs from the west of Austria in its pronunciation and grammar. Features typical of Viennese German include Monophthongization, the transformation of a Diphthongs, diphthong into a monophthong (German ''heiß'' (hot) into Viennese ''haas'') and the lengthening of vowels (''Heeaasd, i bin do ned bleeed, wooos waaasn ii, wea des woooa'' (Standard German ''Hörst du, ich bin doch nicht blöd, was weiß denn ich, wer das war''): "Listen, I'm not stupid; what do I know, who that was?"). Speakers of the dialect tend to avoid the genitive case.

LGBT

Vienna is regarded as the center of LGBTQ, LGBTQ+ LGBT rights in Austria, life in Austria. The city has implemented an action plan against Homophobia, homophobic discrimination and has maintained an anti-discrimination unit within its administration since 1998. The city has several cafés, bars, and clubs frequented by the LGBTQ, LGBTQ+ community, including the Café Savoy, a traditional coffee house established in 1896. In 2015, ahead of hosting the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, Eurovision Song Contest, Vienna introduced traffic lights featuring same-sex couples, attracting international media attention. Multiple rainbow crossings are dotted around the city. Vienna Pride, Vienna's Pride Parade is held every Pride Month, June. In 2019, when the parade hosted Europride, it attracted around 500,000 visitors.

Social infrastructure

Schools

As of the 2022/2023 school year, there were 457 compulsory education schools in Vienna, including 303 primary schools and 140 middle schools. Additionally, there are 98 high schools, 90 of which also include middle school education. Around 250,000 children are enrolled in the Viennese school system, which is staffed by almost 29,000 teachers.

Due partly to the numerous international offices in the city, Vienna is home to many international schools, including the Vienna International School, the American International School Vienna, American International School, the International Christian School of Vienna, International Christian School and the Lycée Français de Vienne.

Universities

With 197,209 students enrolled in the winter semester of 2023/2024, Vienna has the largest student population of any city in the German-speaking world.

The city is home to several historic universities. The University of Vienna, the oldest and largest university in the German-speaking world, was founded in 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, Duke Rudolph IV. Its medical faculty became independent as the Medical University of Vienna in 2004. Other prominent institutions include the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Academy of Fine Arts (1692), the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, University of Veterinary Medicine (1765), and the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, University of Music and Performing Arts (1767). The 19th century saw the founding of the TU Wien, Vienna University of Technology (TU), the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) and the Vienna University of Economics and Business, University of Economics and Business (WU). The University of Applied Arts Vienna, University of Applied Arts, founded in 1867, gained university status in 1970. In addition to these public universities, Vienna also hosts several private universities, including Webster Vienna Private University, the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna and, since 2019, the Central European University, as well as several universities of applied sciences.

Libraries

Libraries in Vienna, Vienna's public library system, the ''Wiener Büchereien'', comprises 39 Lending library, lending libraries, including the ''Hauptbücherei'' (Main Library), which serves as the central hub. Located at Urban-Loritz-Platz along the Gürtel, Vienna, Gürtel, it sits at the intersection of the districts Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus and Neubau. Alongside books, the libraries offer Compact disc, CDs, DVDs, computer games, Cassette tape (format), cassettes, magazines, and digital ebooks, as well as study spaces and literary events.

Beyond its public libraries, Vienna hosts several academic and Research library, research libraries. The Austrian National Library, situated in the Hofburg, is the largest in the country and holds extensive historical and cultural collections. Other institutions include the Vienna University Library, the Vienna City Library in the Rathaus, and the libraries of major universities such as the University of Economics and Business, the Technical University, and the Medical University. Additionally, the city is home to specialized libraries, including the Social Science Study Library of the Chamber for Workers and Employees, Chamber of Labour and the Parliamentary Library, which cater to specific fields of research and policy.

Healthcare

In 2020, Vienna had 729.3 hospital beds and 696.8 doctors per 100,000 inhabitants. The Vienna General Hospital, General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus, known as AKH) in Alsergrund is the largest hospital in Austria and serves as the teaching hospital for the Medical University of Vienna. The city is home to 7 public hospitals and 8 care homes managed by the municipality, in addition to 17 privately operated non-profit hospitals and numerous private healthcare facilities.

Social institutions

The first social institutions in Vienna were established in the early 20th century. Due to widespread poverty, homeless shelters and men's hostels were built, such as the one opened in 1905 on Meldemannstraße dormitory, Meldemannstraße, where the young Adolf Hitler lived from 1910 to 1913. Today, approximately 200,000 people in Vienna live below the Poverty threshold, poverty line. Non-profit organizations such as ''Volkshilfe'' and ''Caritas Austria, Caritas'' provide support. ''Caritas'' operates the homeless shelter "Die Gruft" in Mariahilf, which has been in existence since 1986. Streetwork services are offered to young people, and the ''Wiener Sozialdienste'' (Vienna Social Services) carry out a range of charitable tasks.

Housing

''Gemeindebauten'' are public housing complexes owned by the city, primarily constructed during the period of Red Vienna in the early 20th century, as part of a large-scale social housing program aimed at providing affordable homes to working-class families. Famous examples include Karl-Marx-Hof. As symbols of socialism, these buildings are often named after socialist or Social democracy, social-democratic politicians such as Friedrich Engels, Ferdinand Lassalle, Olof Palme, and Victor Adler. Additionally, some are named after other notable figures, including George C. Marshall, George Marshall, Dag Hammarskjöld, and George Washington. The ''Gemeindebauten'' often featured additional community facilities, such as municipal libraries, daycare centers, laundromats, indoor pools, and shopping centers. The classic ''Gemeindebauten'' from the interwar period are typically designed in block perimeter development, with a large entrance gate leading to an inner courtyard, featuring a green space with playgrounds. They continue to serve as affordable housing to this day.

The remaining half of socialised housing stock in Vienna are (LPHAs), a kind of housing which can be established either as a private company, or a housing cooperative, which are only allowed to charge cost-covering rents.

Vienna today has some of the most affordable housing and cheapest rents in Europe.

Nature

Parks

On the southeastern outer border of the Ringstraße lies the Stadtpark, Vienna, Stadtpark. The park covers an area of about 28 acres and is split in half by the river Wien (river), Wien. It contains monuments to various Viennese artists, most notably the gilded bronze monument of Johann Strauß II. On the other side of the Ring is the Burggarten, just behind the Hofburg, which features a Mozart Monument, Vienna, monument to Mozart as well as a Palmenhaus (Burggarten), greenhouse. On the other side of the Hofburg is the Volksgarten, Vienna, Volksgarten, home to a small-scale replica of the Temple of Hephaestus and a cultivated flower garden. On the other side of the road, in front of the Rathaus, is the Rathauspark, which hosts the Christmas Christkindlmarkt.

The Prater is a large public park in Leopoldstadt. Within the park is the Wurstelprater (colloquially known as “the Prater”), a public amusement park that contains the Wiener Riesenrad, a 64.75 meter tall Ferris wheel, Ferris Wheel, along with various rides, roller coasters, carousels and a Madame Tussauds Vienna, Madame Tussauds. The rest of the park is covered by forest. The ''Hauptallee'', a wide, car-free alley lined with Aesculus, horse chestnut trees, runs through the park. Eliud Kipchoge broke the marathon distance record on this road in the Ineos 1:59 Challenge, INEOS 1:59 Challenge in October 2019. The Prater also is home to the Prater Liliputbahn, Liliputbahn, a railway line primarily used by tourists, and a planetarium. It was the location of the 1873 Vienna World's Fair. In 1931, the Ernst-Happel-Stadion, formerly known as the Praterstadion, was opened in the Prater.

The grounds of the imperial Schönbrunn Palace contain an 18th-century park which includes the Schönbrunn Zoo, which was founded in 1752, making it the world's oldest zoo still in operation. The zoo is one of the few to house giant pandas. The park also features the Palmenhaus Schönbrunn, a large greenhouse with around 4,500 plant species.

The Augarten in Leopoldstadt, on the border of Brigittenau, is a 129-acre French Baroque-style public park open during the day. The park is home to flower gardens and multiple tree-lined avenues. The park was opened in 1775 by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II and is surrounded by a wall with five gates, which are shut at night. The baroque Palais Augarten, in the south of the park, is home to the Vienna Boys' Choir. Towering over the park are two Anti-aircraft warfare, anti-aircraft flak towers, built by the Nazis in 1944. After the war, the towers were unable to be destroyed, so they were left standing. They now stand empty and serve no function, though various other such towers in the city were repurposed, such as the Haus des Meeres in Esterhazy Park.

The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defences, is a long artificial island between the Danube and New Danube dedicated to leisure activities. It was constructed from 1972 to 1988 for Flood control, flood protection measures. Sporting amenities, such as volleyball courts, playgrounds, skate spots, dog parks, and multiple toilet facilities, some with showers, are available on the island. To transform the island into a green space, approximately 1.8 million trees and shrubs, along with 170 hectares of forest, were planted. A few hundred Prunus serrulata, Japanese cherry trees were planted as a symbol of friendship between Austria and Japan. Animals on the island include sand lizards and Danube crested newts.

The Donaupark is a 63-hectare park in Kaisermühlen, Donaustadt, between the New Danube and the Old Danube, next to the Vienna International Centre. The park features the Donauturm, the List of tallest structures in Austria, tallest structure in Austria at 252 meters, as well as a 40-meter tall Christian cross, steel cross, erected in 1983 on the occasion of a Mass in the Catholic Church, holy mass held by Pope John Paul II during his visit to Austria. The park features memorials to multiple Latin American figures such as Salvador Allende, Simón Bolívar, and Che Guevara.

Other parks include the Türkenschanzpark, the Schweizergarten, and the Waldmüllerpark.

Woods

The Lobau, a floodplain in the southeast of the city, is a part of the wider Danube-Auen National Park. It is used for recreation and has many Naturism, nudist areas. It is home to multiple species of animals:

* Mammals: Eurasian beaver, beavers, deer, European hares, Eurasian water shrews
* Reptiles: European pond turtles, slow worm, grass snake
* Amphibians: European tree frogs, European fire-bellied toad
* Fish: pigo, rhodeus, white-finned gudgeon
* Birds: grey herons, cormorants, common kingfishers, white-tailed eagles

In the west of the city is the Lainzer Tiergarten, a 24.5 km² public nature reserve, of which 19.5 km² is woodland. The park was created in 1561 by Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Ferdinand I, who used it as a private hunting ground. After the fall of the monarchy, the Austrian government declared it a public nature reserve. Since 1973, admission has been free of charge. The reserve is home to many wild boar, fallow deer, red deer, and European mouflons, as well as 18 species of bats.

Cemeteries

Vienna has 55 Cemetery, cemeteries, 46 managed by the city and the rest by religious communities.

The largest cemetery in the city is the Vienna Central Cemetery (''Zentralfriedhof''). Spanning 2.4 km², it holds over 330,000 graves and about 3 million interments. Opened in 1874, the cemetery includes Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, and Jewish sections. Notable figures buried here include Ludwig van Beethoven, Falco (musician), Falco, Bruno Kreisky, Hedy Lamarr, and all List of presidents of Austria, Austrian presidents who have died since World War II. The cemetery is also a habitat for wildlife, including Roe deer, deer, European badger, badgers, and Beech marten, martens. Most notably, European hamsters thrive here, feeding on plants around the Gravestone, headstones. The grounds feature numerous memorials, including those dedicated to the casualties of the Revolutions of 1848, the July Revolt of 1927, and the victims of the Nazi regime.

St. Marx Cemetery, now closed, is the final resting place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Other notable cemeteries include those in Grinzing and Hietzing, as well as the Jewish cemetery, Währing, Jewish Cemetery in Roßau.

Rivers

Danube

Vienna is the List of cities and towns on the river Danube, largest city on the Danube, which flows from the north and exits to the southeast.

Until 1870, the Danube in Vienna remained unregulated, with the river flowing through multiple branching side arms, making the area highly susceptible to flooding. The first major Vienna Danube regulation, Danube regulation project involved cutting a new, straight main channel to improve flood control and navigation. As part of the project, the arm that ran closer to the city center was preserved and is now known as the Donaukanal (Danube Canal). Additionally, another former arm north of the river was transformed into an oxbow lake, today called the Old Danube, Alte Donau (''Old Danube'').

Despite these measures, Vienna remained vulnerable to flooding. To further mitigate flood risks, a second Danube regulation was undertaken starting in the 1970s. This project involved the construction of a parallel Flood management, flood relief channel, the New Danube, Neue Donau (''New Danube''), designed to divert excess water during high discharge periods. The excavated material from this project was used to create the Donauinsel (''Danube Island''), a long, narrow artificial island situated between the New Danube and the regulated main river. The effectiveness of these flood protection measures was demonstrated during the 2024 European floods, when Vienna remained largely unaffected.

The four parts of the Danube:

* The main Danube is the widest of the river’s branches and serves as the primary route for shipping.
* The New Danube, Neue Donau (''New Danube'') is a side channel located to the east of the main river, running for approximately 21 kilometers. The water flows more slowly than in the main Danube, making it ideal for water sports such as swimming, rowing, and sailing. Motorboats are prohibited in this section.
* The Old Danube, Alte Donau (''Old Danube'') is a lake situated to the east of the New Danube, which effectively separates Kaisermühlen from the rest of the city. This lake is a popular recreational area for swimming, with freely accessible piers and beaches. Motorboats and pedalos are permitted on the lake and can be rented from nearby vendors.
* The Donaukanal (''Danube Canal'') branches off from the main river and re-enters close to the southern and northern edges of the city. Unlike the main river, it flows through the city center. While primarily used by boats, the paths along both sides of the canal are popular among pedestrians, joggers, and cyclists.

Wien

The river Wien (river), Wien (''die Wien'' or ''Wienfluss'') is a 34-kilometer-long tributary of the Danube, with approximately half of its course flowing through Vienna. It originates in the Vienna Woods (''Wienerwald'') and flows eastward through the city, ultimately joining the Donaukanal. Historically, the river was prone to flooding, which prompted several regulatory measures and modifications, including the canalisation of its course in the 19th century. Today, much of the river Wien is contained within underground channels in the urban area. It enters Vienna in Penzing (Vienna), Penzing, flowing above ground past Schönbrunn before being covered by the Naschmarkt. The river reemerges in the Stadtpark in the 1st district, before flowing into the Donaukanal.

Sport

Football

The city is home to numerous Association football, football Football team, clubs. The two biggest teams are FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Football Bundesliga, Austrian Bundesliga titles and a record 27-time Austrian Cup, cup winners), who play at the Franz Horr Stadium, Generali Arena in Favoriten, and SK Rapid Wien (a record 32 Austrian Football Bundesliga, Austrian Bundesliga titles), who play at the Allianz Stadion in Penzing. The oldest team in Austria, First Vienna FC, and Floridsdorfer AC both play in the 2. Liga (Austria), 2. Liga, while the football team of the Wiener Sport-Club, one of the oldest athletics clubs in the country, play in the Austrian Regionalliga East, the third division.

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is the List of football stadiums in Austria, largest stadium in Austria with 50,865 seats, and serves as the home stadium of the Austria national football team. It has hosted multiple UEFA Champions League, European Cup finals (1964 European Cup final, 1963–64, 1987 European Cup final, 1986–87, 1990 European Cup final, 1989–90, 1995 UEFA Champions League final, 1994–95), as well as seven matches during the UEFA Euro 2008, 2008 European Championship, including the UEFA Euro 2008 final, final, which saw Spain national football team, Spain secure a 1–0 victory over Germany national football team, Germany.

Other sports

Other sports clubs include the Vienna Vikings, Vikings Vienna (American football), who won the Eurobowl title four times in a row between 2004 and 2007 and had a perfect season in 2013, the Hotvolleys Vienna (volleyball), the Vienna Wanderers (baseball), who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (ice hockey). The European Handball Federation, European Handball Federation (EHF) is headquartered in Vienna. There are also three Rugby union, rugby clubs in the city: Vienna Celtic RFC, Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade Viennois.

In addition to team sports, Vienna offers a wide range of individual sports. The paths in the Prater or along the Donauinsel are popular running routes. The Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants annually, typically takes place in May. Cyclists can choose from over 1,000 kilometers of cycle paths and numerous mountain bike trails in the Viennese mountains. Golf courses are available on the Wienerberg and in the Prater. The Vienna Open tennis tournament has taken place in the city since 1974. The matches are played on indoor hardcourt, hard courts in the Wiener Stadthalle. The City of Vienna also operates two Alpine skiing, ski slopes, one on the Hohe-Wand-Wiese and another on the Dollwiese.

The city submitted a bid to host the 1964 Summer Olympics but lost out to Tokyo.

Culinary specialities

Food

Vienna is well known for Wiener schnitzel, a cutlet of veal ''(Kalbsschnitzel)'', sometimes also made with pork (''Schweinsschnitzel'') or chicken (''Hühnerschnitzel''), that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg, and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include ''Tafelspitz'' (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with ''Geröstete Erdäpfel'' (boiled potatoes that are sliced and pan-fried) and horseradish sauce, ''Apfelkren'' (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and ''Schnittlauchsauce'' (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).

Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include ''Apple strudel, Apfelstrudel'' (hot apple strudel), ''Milk-cream strudel, Milchrahmstrudel'' (milk-cream strudel), ''Palatschinken'' (sweet pancakes), and ''Knödel'' (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (''Marillenknödel''). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with a layer of apricot jam and a chocolate glaze, created by the Hotel Sacher, Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.

In winter, small street stands sell traditional ''Chestnut, Maroni'' (hot chestnuts) and Potato cake, potato fritters.

Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (''Würstelstand'') throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as ''Frankfurter Würstchen, Wiener'' (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany is called a ''Frankfurter'' in Vienna. Other popular sausages are ''Burenwurst'' (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), ''Käsekrainer'' (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and ''Bratwurst'' (a white pork sausage). These sausages either come with sliced bread or as a hot dog. Mustard (condiment), Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).

Vienna ranked 10th in vegan friendly European cities in a study by Alternative Traveler in 2020.

The Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, and meat, as well as a popular spot for international cuisine, with numerous small restaurants and food stalls offering dishes from around the world.

Drinks

Vienna is one of the few remaining world capitals with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger. The wine is often enjoyed as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine typical of the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is usually a blend of different grape varieties harvested from the same vineyard.

Beer is second in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten Vienna microbreweries, microbreweries. Ottakringer's most popular product is the ''Ottakringer Helles'', a beer with an Alcohol by volume, alcohol content of 5.2%. Vienna is home to many ''Beisln'', small traditional Austrian pubs.

Local soft drinks, such as Almdudler, are popular across the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, ranking them among the top choices alongside American brands like Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Other popular drinks include Spezi, a mix between cola and orange lemonade, and Frucade, a German carbonated orange drink.

Viennese cafés

The Viennese coffee house (''Kaffeehaus'') dates back to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Vienna intelligentsia treated Viennese cafés like a living room. The first Viennese café was opened in 1685 by Armenian businessman Johannes Diodato. Café culture flourished in Vienna in the early 19th century. Notable patrons included political figures such as Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, and Josip Broz Tito, who all lived in Vienna in 1913, as well as scientists, writers, and artists such as Sigmund Freud, Stefan Zweig, Egon Schiele and Gustav Klimt.

Notable coffee houses include:

* Café Central: frequented by Hitler, Stalin, Tito, Trotsky, and Zweig
* Café Landtmann: frequented by Freud
* Café Sacher: part of the Hotel Sacher

Heuriger

Vienna is one of the few major cities with its own wine-growing region. This wine is sold in taverns, so-called ''Heuriger'', by the local winemakers during the growing season. The wine is often served as a Schorle, a mix of wine and carbonated water. The meals are simple and homemade, usually consisting of fresh bread, typically Kaiser roll, semmels, with local coldcuts, cold cuts and cheese, or Liptauer, Liptauer spread. The Heurigers are especially numerous in the areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nussdorf, Vienna, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer, Vienna, Mauer), and Favoriten (Oberlaa).

Transport

Public transport

Vienna has an extensive public transportation network. It consists predominantly of the Wiener Linien network (subway, tram and bus lines) and the Vienna S-Bahn, S-Bahn lines belonging to the ÖBB, Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). As of 2023, 32% of the population of the city uses public transit as their main mode of transit.

U-Bahn

The Vienna U-Bahn, Vienna metro system consists of five lines (U1 (Vienna U-Bahn), U1, U2 (Vienna U-Bahn), U2, U3 (Vienna U-Bahn), U3, U4 (Vienna U-Bahn), U4, U6 (Vienna U-Bahn), U6) with the Vienna U-Bahn#Missing U5, U5 currently under construction. The metro currently serves List of Vienna U-Bahn stations, 98 stations and covers a distance of 83.5 kilometers.
The services run from 05:00 to about 01:00 with intervals of two to five minutes during the day and up to eight minutes after 20:00. On Friday and Saturday evenings and on evenings before a public holiday they operate a 24-hour service at 15-minute intervals.

Buses

Buses were first introduced to the city in 1907. Currently, 117 bus lines operate in Vienna during the day. 47 of these are run by the Wiener Linien, who also set the routes and timetables, the rest by subcontractors such as ''Dr. Richard'', ''Gschwindl'' and ''Blaguss''. The Wiener Linien also operate 20 night buses.

Trams

The Trams in Vienna, Viennese tram network has existed since 1865; the first line was electrified in 1897. There are currently 28 lines with 1071 stops that operate on a network of 176,9 km. The trams move at about 15 km/h. The fleet consists of both high-floor and Low-floor tram, low-floor vehicles, however the high-floor models, which are not air-conditioned, are in the process of being replaced by more modern, accessible trams. The modern models are air-conditioned and suitable for disabled users.

Trains

The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Wien Hauptbahnhof, Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, including Bratislava, Budapest, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb, and Zürich. Other train stations include:

* Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof, the starting point of the Franz-Josefs-Bahn
* Wien Hütteldorf railway station, Wien Hütteldorf on the West railway (Austria), Western railway
* Wien Meidling railway station, Wien Meidling on the South railway (Austria), Southern railway. This is Vienna's most frequented transit station.
* Wien Mitte railway station, Wien Mitte (Landstraße) on the S-Bahn line; it is the closest railway station to the center of the city.
* Wien Praterstern railway station, Wien Praterstern (Formerly known as Wien Nord or Wien Nord-Praterstern) on the North railway (Austria), Northern railway
* Wien Westbahnhof, starting point of the West railway (Austria), Western railway

Cycling

The cycling network in the city spans 1,721 kilometers. However, this figure counts bidirectional bike paths twice and includes on-road cycle-lanes, which are also shared with motor vehicles. The network is constantly being expanded and upgraded, especially in the outer areas, such as Donaustadt. Bike use in the city has been rising, from just 3% in 1993 to 11% in 2024.

The city also operates a bicycle-sharing system called ''WienMobil Radverleih'', which offers over 3,000 bikes across 185 stations, available at all times. The bikes are 7-Bicycle gearing, speed Utility bicycle, city bikes with an adjustable saddle.

Airport

Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located 18 km southeast of the city center near the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 29.5 million passengers in 2023. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport is set to be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to accommodate the growing number of passengers. Another option for travelers is to use Bratislava Airport, Slovakia, located approximately 60 km away.

Viennese people

International relations

International organizations in Vienna

In 1980, Vienna became a UN headquarter city, alongside New York City and Geneva, and was later joined by Nairobi. The city hosts numerous international organizations, many of which are located in the Vienna International Centre in Donaustadt, including:

* Fundamental Rights Agency, FRA – European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
* International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency
* International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, ICPDR – International Commission for the Protection of the river Danube
* OPEC – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
** OPEC Fund for International Development, OPEC Fund – OPEC Fund for International Development
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, OSCE – Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
* UN – United Nations
** United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL – United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
** United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organization
** United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
** United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, UNOOSA – United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
** United Nations Postal Administration, UNPA – United Nations Postal Administration
** United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, UNSCEAR – United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

In addition, the University of Vienna hosts the annual Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for law students from around the world.

Diplomatic meetings were frequently held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in several significant documents bearing the name Vienna Convention (disambiguation), Vienna Convention. Among the most important documents are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program, as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.

Charitable organizations in Vienna

Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include Help Afghan School Children Organization (HASCO).

International city co-operations

The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any Sister city, twin town agreements with other cities. Instead, the city cooperates with a handful of cities on specific issues.

* Ankara, Turkey
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brno, Czech Republic
* Budapest, Hungary
* Hamburg, Germany
* Kraków, Poland
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* Paris, France
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Vancouver, Canada
* Zagreb, Croatia
* Zürich, Switzerland

District to district partnerships

In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.

See also

*
*List of honorary citizens of Vienna
*List of restaurants in Vienna
*List of Viennese
*List of World Heritage Sites in Austria
*List of cities and towns on the river Danube
*OPENCities
*Outline of Vienna
*Vienna Biennale
*Vienna Porcelain Manufactory
*Viennese German
*Water supply in Vienna

Notes

References

Further reading

*Martina Pippal, Pippal, M.: ''A Short History of Art in Vienna'', Munich: C.H. Beck 2000, , provides a concise overview.
*Robert von Dassanowsky, Dassanowsky, Robert ed.: "World Film Locations: Vienna", London: Intellect/Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2012, . International films about Vienna or Austria shot on location throughout cinema history.

External links

Official websites

Wien.gv.at
– Official site of the municipality, with an interactive map.
Wien.info
– Official site of the tourism board: events, sightseeing, cultural information, etc.
Geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at
– Vienna History Wiki operated by the city of Vienna

History of Vienna

*[http://www.battlefieldsww2.com/viennagb.html German flak towers in Vienna]
History of the Coat of Arms of Vienna and all (former) districts and municipalities

Further information on Vienna

Vienna Information
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Vienna insider travel guideEvents in ViennaEvents and useful information from ViennaWhenWhereWh.at

*English Guide to Events and Contemporary Culture in Vienna

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Vienna,
Austrian state capitals
Capitals in Europe
City-states
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC
Populated places on the Danube
States of Austria
Turkish communities outside Turkey
Wine regions of Austria
World Heritage Sites in Austria
World Heritage Sites in Danger