whipped cream

Whipped cream, also known as Chantilly cream or (), is high-fat dairy cream that has been aerated by whisking until it becomes light, fluffy, and capable of holding its shape. This process incorporates air into the cream, creating a semi-solid colloid. It is commonly sweetened with white sugar and sometimes flavored with vanilla. Whipped cream is often served on desserts and hot beverages, and used as an ingredient in desserts.

Fat content

Cream with high butterfat content—typically 30%–36%—is used for whipping, as fat globules contribute to forming stable air bubbles.

During whipping, partially coalesced fat molecules create a stabilized network that traps air bubbles. The resulting colloid has about twice the volume of the original cream. If whipping is prolonged further, the fat droplets stick together, destroying the colloid and forming butter. Low-fat cream, or milk, does not have enough fat to whip effectively.

Production

Cream is usually whipped with a whisk, an electric hand mixer, or a food processor. Results are best when the equipment and ingredients are chilled. The bubbles in the whipped cream immediately start to pop, and it begins to liquefy, giving it a useful lifetime of one to two hours. Many 19th-century recipes recommend adding gum tragacanth to stabilize whipped cream, while a few include whipped egg whites. Various other substances, including gelatin and diphosphate, are used in commercial stabilizers.

Instant

Cream aerated by an aerosol can or by a whipping siphon with a whipped-cream charger is sometimes described as whipped cream; it is similar to cream that has been aerated by whipping. A gas dissolves in the butterfat under pressure; when the pressure is released, the gas comes out of solution, forming small bubbles "aerating" the mass. Nitrous oxide gas is usually used; while carbon dioxide produces the same physical effect, it gives a sour taste. Cream supplied in an aerosol can is also known as skooshy cream (Scottish), squirty cream, spray cream, or aerosol cream. There are many brands of aerosol cream, with varying sweeteners and other factors.

In some jurisdictions, sales of canned whipped cream are limited to avoid potentially dangerous nitrous oxide abuse.

Flavorings

Whipped cream can be flavored with sugar, vanilla, coffee, chocolate, orange, or other flavorings.

History

Whipped cream, often sweetened and aromatised, was popular in the 16th century, with a mention in the writings of Rabelais (Paris, 1531), and recipes in '' A Proper Newe Booke of Cokerye'' (London, 1545), and by Cristoforo di Messisbugo (Ferrara, 1549), Bartolomeo Scappi (Rome, 1570),Terence Scully, trans., ''The Opera of Bartolomeo Scappi (1570): L'arte et prudenza d'un maestro Cuoco; The Art and Craft of a Master Cook'', 2008,
p. 105, note 2.39
with many menus including "neve di latte servita con zuccaro sopra" 'milk snow with sugar on top'

/ref> and Lancelot de Casteau (Liège, 1604). It was called milk or cream snow (, , ). The 1545 English recipe, "A Dyschefull of Snow", includes whipped egg whites as well, and is flavored with rosewater and sugar (''cf.'' snow cream). In these recipes, and until the end of the 19th century, naturally separated cream is whipped, typically with willow or rush branches, and the resulting foam ("snow") on the surface would from time to time be skimmed off and drained. By the end of the 19th century, centrifuge separation was used to rapidly produce high-fat cream suitable for whipping.Harold McGee, '' On Food and Cooking'', 2007, , p. 30–33

The French name for whipped cream is attested in 1629, and the English name "whipped cream" in 1673. The name "snow cream" continued to be used in the 17th century.

Various desserts consisting of whipped cream in pyramidal shapes with coffee, liqueurs, chocolate, fruits, and so on either in the mixture or poured on top were called (cream in a foam), , (foamy cream), (foam),M. Emy (officier), , Paris, 176
p. 222
/ref> and (Chantilly-style molded cream), as early as 1768.Jim Chevallier, ''A History of the Food of Paris: From Roast Mammoth to Steak Frites'', 2018, , p. 195 Modern , including , are a continuation of this tradition.

Cream whipped in a whipping siphon with nitrous oxide was invented in the 1930s by both Charles Getz, working with G. Frederick Smith, and Marshall Reinecke. Both filed patents, which were later litigated. The Getz patents were originally deemed invalid, but were upheld on appeal.Aeration Processes, Inc. ''v.'' Lange ''et al.'', 196 F.2d 981, 93 USPQ 332, United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit, May 20, 1952.

''Crème Chantilly''

''Crème Chantilly'' is another name for whipped cream. Sometimes the two are distinguished clearly, with ''crème Chantilly'' being whipped cream that has been sweetened. Other times, they are treated as synonyms, with both being sweetened'' La Grande Encyclopédie'' (1902) or neither being sweetened,Émile Bernard Urbain Dubois, ''La Cuisine classique: études pratiques, raisonnées et démonstratives de l'Ecole française appliquée au service à la russe'', 1868
p. 122
"La chantilly n'est autre chose que la crème double, amenée à consistance, et rendue mousseuse par le travail du fouet et l'action de l'air."Paul Bocuse, ''La cuisine du marché'' (1980), p. 414: "Crème Chantilly (crème fouettée)" or indeed with sweetening unspecified or optional.'' La cuisine de Madame Saint-Ange'' (1927), p. 916''f'': "Crème fouettée dite « crème Chantilly »... Selon le cas, on ajoute du sucre en poudre, vanillé ou non, dans la crème fouettée." Many authors use only one of the two names (for the sweetened or unsweetened version), so it is not clear whether they distinguish the two.

The invention of ''crème Chantilly'' is often credited incorrectly, and without evidence, to François Vatel, '' maître d'hôtel'' at the Château de Chantilly in the mid-17th century. The name Chantilly, though, is first connected with whipped cream in the mid-18th century, around the time that the Baronne d'Oberkirch praised the "cream" served at a lunch at the Hameau de Chantilly—but did not say what exactly it was, or call it Chantilly cream.

The names ''crème Chantilly, crème de Chantilly, crème à la Chantilly'', or ''crème fouettée à la Chantilly'' only become common in the 19th century. In 1806, the first edition of Viard's '' Cuisinier Impérial'' mentions neither "whipped" nor "Chantilly" cream, but the 1820 edition mentions both.

The name ''Chantilly'' was probably used because the château had become a symbol of refined food; the word Chantilly by itself has since become a culinary shorthand for whipped cream.

Imitation whipped cream

Imitations of whipped cream, often called ''whipped topping'' (occasionally ''whip topping''), are commercially available. They may be used to avoid dairy ingredients, to provide extended shelf life, or to reduce the price — although some popular brands cost twice as much as whipped cream.

The earliest known recipe for a non-dairy "whipped cream" was published by Ella Eaton Kellogg in 1904; consistent with her Seventh-day Adventist practices, it replaced cream with almond butter. Based on research sponsored by Henry Ford, a soy-based whip topping was commercialized by Delsoy Products by 1945. Delsoy did not survive, but Bob Rich's Rich Products frozen "Whip Topping", also introduced in 1945, succeeded. Rich Products topping was reformulated with coconut oil replacing soy oil in 1956.

Artificial whipped topping normally contains some mixture of partially hydrogenated oil, sweeteners, water, and stabilizers and emulsifiers added to prevent syneresis. For purposes of regulation this is called "whipped edible oil topping" in the US.

Non-dairy versions may be sold frozen in plastic tubs (''e.g.'', Cool Whip), in aerosol containers, or in liquid form in cartons.

Uses

Whipped cream is a popular topping for fruit and desserts such as pie, ice cream (especially sundaes), cupcakes, cakes, milkshakes, waffles, hot chocolate, cheesecakes, gelatin dessert, and puddings. It is also served on coffee and hot chocolate. In the Viennese coffee house tradition, coffee with whipped cream is known as ''Melange mit Schlagobers''. Whipped cream is used as an ingredient in many desserts, for example as a filling for profiteroles and layer cakes.

It is often piped onto a dish using a pastry bag to create decorative shapes.

Mousse is usually based on whipped cream, often with added egg white foam. Similarly, ' is made of whipped cream and whipped egg whites. ' and ''crémet d'Anjou'' include whipped cream and whipped '' fromage frais'', and are typically served in a cheese drainer (''faisselle''), recalling the former process of draining whipped cream.J.P. Géné, "Fontainebleau, la crème du fromage", ''Le Monde'
April 27, 2016
/ref>

See also

* Alcohol-infused whipped cream
* Dream Whip – a powdered dessert topping mix
* Reddi-Wip – a brand
* '' Schlagobers'' – Richard Strauss' "Whipped Cream" ballet

References

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Dairy products
Desserts
Toppings
Creamy dishes