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The Waziristan campaign 1936–1939 comprised a number of operations conducted in
Waziristan Waziristan (Persian language, Persian, Pashto, Ormuri, , ) is a mountainous region of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Waziristan region administratively splits among three districts: North Waziristan, Lower South Waziristan Dis ...
by the
British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...
against the fiercely independent tribesmen that inhabited this region. These operations were conducted in 1936–1939, when operations were undertaken against followers of the Pashtun nationalist Mirzali Khan, also known by the British as the "Faqir of Ipi", a religious and political agitator who was spreading anti-British sentiment in the region and undermining the prestige of the Indian government in Waziristan at the time.


Background

In 1919–1920, the British had fought a campaign against the Wazir tribes. Minor skirmishes had continued into 1921, but after the establishment of a permanent garrison at
Razmak Razmak (Pashto and ) is one of the three subdivisions of North Waziristan district in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The other two subdivisions are Mir Ali and Miran Shah. The inhabitants are almost exclusively Wazir Pashtuns, along ...
there had been a period of relative peace in the region. Throughout 1921–1924 the British undertook a road construction effort in the region that led to further conflict during the 1921–1924 campaign. In 1936, trouble again flared up in Waziristan in the form of a political and religious agitation by Mirzali Khan. For some time, there had been growing unrest in the region, fueled by a perception of a weakening of British resolve to govern following a number of constitutional changes in India; however, following a trial of a Muslim student on a charge of abducting a Hindu girl, Mirzali Khan began spreading anti-British sentiment in earnest, claiming that the government was interfering in a religious matter.


Operations

In late November 1936, in order to reassert the perception of control over the region, with the approval of the Tori Khel
malik Malik (; ; ; variously Romanized ''Mallik'', ''Melik'', ''Malka'', ''Malek'', ''Maleek'', ''Malick'', ''Mallick'', ''Melekh'') is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic, and as mlk in Northwest Semitic d ...
s, the government of India decided to move troops through the Khaisora Valley. This would be achieved by marching a column from the garrison at
Razmak Razmak (Pashto and ) is one of the three subdivisions of North Waziristan district in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The other two subdivisions are Mir Ali and Miran Shah. The inhabitants are almost exclusively Wazir Pashtuns, along ...
to the east, to join up at the village of Bichhe Kashkai with a column from the Bannu Brigade, which would advance from the south from
Mirali Mir Ali or Mirali () is a town in North Waziristan District, in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Mirali is located in the Tochi Valley, about east of Miramshah (capital of North Waziristan), west of Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and sout ...
.Barthorp, p. 170. By this stage of
British rule in India The British Raj ( ; from Hindustani language, Hindustani , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the colonial rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent, * * lasting from 1858 to 1947. * * It is also called Crown rule ...
there were strict rules governing such expeditions on the North West Frontier, and as the purpose of the expedition was only as a demonstration to the tribesmen of government resolve, the decision was made that no offensive action was to be taken unless troops were fired upon. The Razmak column, known as ''Razcol'', began the march without incident, but after three days came under fire while traversing a narrow valley about short of Bichhe Kashkai. Intense fighting ensued as the column had to fight its way through to the village, while the two Indian battalions that made up ''Tocol'' from Mirali ran into even tougher opposition and were delayed until the following day. The supply situation was desperate and casualties numbered around 100, so it was decided to withdraw both columns back to Mirali. This was achieved, but the picquets and rearguard were heavily engaged on numerous occasions before they arrived. The outcome of the expedition was the reverse of the desired outcome, as, instead of demonstrating government resolve and strength, it had in fact highlighted their weakness and Mirzali Khan's support rose dramatically. For the next year, trouble and insurrection spread throughout Waziristan, as Wazirs, Dawars,
Mahsud The Mahsud (), also spelled as Mehsud, Mahsood and others, is a Karlani Pashtun tribe inhabiting mostly the South Waziristan Agency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The Maseeds usually pronounce their name ''Māsīd''. They are divi ...
s, Bettanis, and even Afghans from across the border rallied to support the Mirzali Khan's cause. By April 1937, four extra
brigade A brigade is a major tactical military unit, military formation that typically comprises three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment. Two or more brigades may constitute ...
s had been brought in to reinforce the garrisons at Razmak,
Bannu Bannu (, ), also called Bani Gul or Bani (, ) is a city located on the Kurram River in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is the capital of Bannu Division. Bannu's residents are primarily members of the Banuchi tribe and speak Banuch ...
and Wanna and at the height of the campaign in 1937, some 60,000 regular and irregular troops were employed by the British in an effort to bring to battle an estimated 4,000 hostile tribesmen. While the British attempted to stamp out the insurrection by drawing the tribesmen into decisive engagement, Mirzali Khan remained at large (and indeed was never caught), and on the main, the tribesmen managed to avoid being drawn into battle using guerrilla tactics of ambush in order to keep the initiative. In doing so, they inflicted considerable casualties upon the British and Indian troops. An example of this occurred in April 1937, when a convoy from Wanna was ambushed in the Shahur Tangi defile. Using captured mountain guns and modern rifles, the vehicles were destroyed and the exits blocked, and in the ensuing battle seven officers and 45 men were killed, while another 47 were wounded. The tribesmen did not have everything their way, however, as the British began quartering the troubled areas and destroying hostile villages with both airBritish airpower was again to prove a decisive asset in this campaign, as the use of aerial reconnaissance and close air support at the tactical level was refined and put to great effect. See Moreman for further information. and ground forces. These forces included five batteries of mechanised field artillery, two
companies A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether natural, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members share a common purpose and unite to achieve specifi ...
of Mk II and Mk IIb Light Tanks and six squadrons of aircraft including
Hawker Hart The Hawker Hart is a British two-seater biplane light bomber aircraft that saw service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was designed during the 1920s by Sydney Camm and manufactured by Hawker Aircraft. The Hart was a prominent British aircraf ...
s,
Westland Wapiti The Westland Wapiti was a British two-seat general-purpose military single-engined biplane of the 1920s. It was designed and built by Westland Aircraft Works to replace the Airco DH.9A in Royal Air Force service. First flying in 1927, the Wa ...
s and Hawker Audaxs. By December 1937, the Mirzali Khan's support began to wane and following this, the decision was made to withdraw most of the additional brigades that had been brought up to bolster the garrisons at Razmak, Bannu and Wanna as it was decided that their presence would only serve to inflame the situation.Barthorp, p. 175. Trouble flared up again in 1938–39, although to a much lesser extent. On 23 July 1938, a tribal force launched an attack on the town of
Bannu Bannu (, ), also called Bani Gul or Bani (, ) is a city located on the Kurram River in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is the capital of Bannu Division. Bannu's residents are primarily members of the Banuchi tribe and speak Banuch ...
, killing up to 200 civilians and damaging a considerable amount of property.Wilkinson-Latham, p. 29. As a result of this, British prestige was again weakened and support for Mirzali Khan grew once again.


Aftermath

After 1939, the North West Frontier quieted down, and remained reasonably peaceful. Apart from the occasional raid on a village or attack on a garrison, things would remain this way until the end of British rule in 1947 when another rebellion was launched against the state of Pakistan.


See also

* No. 31 Squadron RAF *
Waziristan campaign (1919–20) Waziristan campaign (or Waziristan expedition, Waziristan war, etc.) may refer to: *Waziristan campaign (1894–1895) *Waziristan campaign (1919–1920) *Waziristan campaign (1921–1924) *Waziristan campaign (1936–1939) *Waziristan rebellion (19 ...
* North-West Frontier – Geography, economy, political situation, etc. *
North-West Frontier (military history) The North-West Frontier Province (1901–55), North-West Frontier (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was a region of the British Indian Empire. It remains the western frontier of present-day Pakistan, extending from the Pamir Knot in the north to th ...
* Pashtun Nationalism *
Pashtunistan Pashtunistan () or Pakhtunistan is a historical region on the crossroads of Central and South Asia, located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the Pashtun people of southern and eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, wherein Pashtun cu ...
* Waziristan rebellion of 1948-1954


Notes


References

* Barthorp, Michael. (2002). ''Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947''. Cassell: London. . * * Wilkinson-Latham, Robert. (1977). ''North West Frontier 1837–1947''. Osprey Publishing: London. .


Further reading

* ''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1936–37''. Naval & Military Press, and The Imperial War Museum, London. * Moreman, Tim. (1998) ''The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare 1847–1947''. Macmillan: London. * Wylly, H.C. (1912).
From The Black Mountain To Waziristan''. Macmillan: London.


External links


British and Indian Army Frontier Military Operations
{{DEFAULTSORT:Waziristan campaign (1936-1939) Military campaigns involving the United Kingdom
Military campaigns involving British India Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1936 in British India 1937 in British India 1938 in British India 1939 in British India 20th century in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Conflicts in 1936 Conflicts in 1937 Conflicts in 1938 Conflicts in 1939 20th-century military history of the United Kingdom