Wadō-ryū Practitioners

is one of the four major karate styles and was founded by Hironori Ōtsuka (1892–1982). Ōtsuka was a Menkyo Kaiden licensed Shindō Yōshin-ryū practitioner of Tatsusaburo Nakayama and a student of Yōshin-ryū prior to meeting the Okinawan karate master Gichin Funakoshi. After having learned from Funakoshi, and after their split, with Okinawan masters such as Kenwa Mabuni and Motobu Chōki, Ōtsuka merged Shindō Yōshin-ryū with Okinawan karate. The result of Ōtsuka's efforts is Wadō-ryū Karate.

As such, Wadō-ryū places emphasis on not only striking, but ''tai sabaki'', joint locks and throws. It has its origins within Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujitsu, as well as Shotokan, Tomari-te and Shito-Ryu karate.

Etymology

The name ''Wadō-ryū'' has three parts: ''Wa'', ''dō'', and ''ryū''. ''Wa'' means "harmony," ''dō'' (same character as tao) means "way," and ''ryū'' means "school" or "style". Harmony should not be interpreted as pacifism; it is simply the acknowledgment that yielding is sometimes more effective than brute strength, which founds the art's mentality in fighting. Additionally, Kanji ''Wa'' (和) used is also a Kanji for Japan, due to the influence of Japanese Jujutsu in Wadō-Ryū, meant in contrast to the other karate styles originating from Okinawa.

Characteristics

To the untrained observer, Wadō-ryū might look similar to other styles of karate, like its parent school of Shotokan. Most of the underlying principles, however, were derived from Shindō Yōshin-ryū, an atemi waza focused style of Jujutsu. Indeed, from one point of view, Wadō-ryū might be considered a style of Jūjutsu rather than Karate. Hironori Ōtsuka embraced jujitsu and was its chief instructor for a time. When Ōtsuka first registered his school with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1938, the style was called "Shinshu Wadō-ryū Karate-Jūjutsu," a name that reflects its hybrid character.

Additionally, there are noticeable differences in the katas compared to other styles such as Shōtōkan. Wadō-Ryū katas have a lighter, less powerful appearance and are economical in movement. Defensive techniques do not block an opponent’s attack, but rather redirect it.

Technique

Similar to Shotokan Karate, Wadō-ryū employs linear striking, but forgoes with Shotokan's aggressive approach. Instead, Wadō-ryū opts ''tai sabaki'' (often incorrectly referred to as 'evasion') as its key principle. The Japanese term can be translated as "body-management," and refers to body manipulation so as to move the defender as well as the attacker out of harm's way. The way to achieve this is to 'move along' rather than to 'move against'—or harmony rather than physical strength. Using these principles, the energy of the attack is diverted and evaded, and then or simultaneously countered with joint-locking, throwing, or striking techniques. The technical execution is subject to the following principles:
* Sanmi Ittai – Every technique in Wadō-Ryū (Ten gi) simultaneously includes a change in position (Ten i) and a shift in the weight of the body (Ten tai).
* Execution of all movements while avoiding the following errors: No incorrect or superfluous technique, no superfluous movement, no superfluous expenditure of force.
* Control of your own center of gravity.
* Tai Sabaki – Leaving the line of attack by dodging.
* Defending against an attack and countering occur simultaneously, as well as doing so without hesitation.
* Kyusho – Techniques are aimed at the attacker’s vital points.
* Smooth transitions between the individual techniques.

Wadō-ryū is also characterised by a higher body position and stances than in other Karate styles.

Modern karate competition tends to transform Wadō-ryū away from its roots towards a new generic karate that appeals more to the demands of both spectators and competitors.

A block in Wadō may look much like a block in Goju/Uechi ryu, but they are executed from different perspectives.

While the core principles (at least with regard to the transmission of body mass into punches) of turning on the heel remain in Wadō, as it is the fastest way to push the hips in the direction of attack, the progression to the ball of the foot is a hallmark of the style.

Kata

''Kata'' are predefined, specific patterns of movement that incorporate and encapsulate martial techniques, concepts, and applications.
Wadō-Ryū takes a different approach to kata training than other styles. Ōtsuka Hironori adopted the katas from Gichin Funakoshi, but used a different kanji for the term kata. In Wadō-Ryū, he replaced the meaning of original mold or template (Japanese 型) of the kata in Shōtōkan with the meaning of symbol (Japanese 形). This means that the practitioner should not always aim for the same form of a kata, but rather allow and even encourage changes to a kata due to the age and other individual characteristics of the karateka.

In his 1977 book on Wadō-ryū (published in English in 1997), Ōtsuka declared only nine official ''kata'' for Wadō-ryū: ''Pinan Nidan'', ''Pinan Shodan'', ''Pinan Sandan'', ''Pinan Yodan'', ''Pinan Godan'', ''Kūshankū'', ''Naihanchi'', ''Seishan'' and ''Chintō''. However, after his death, other organizations of the style have added other forms, such as unsu and kumpu. However, it can be said that all individual kata originate from Shuri-te.

As such, The exact movements of a ''kata'' often vary from one organization to another, and even from one school to another within the same organization. The variations can range from significant deviations apparent to the untrained observer to very subtle minutiae.

''Kata'' associated with Wadō-ryū include:
* ''Ten-No'': basic drills first invented by Gigō Funakoshi (son of Gichin Funakoshi).
* '' Taikyoku series'': developed by Gichin Funakoshi as a preliminary exercise before the ''Pinan'' series; many Wadō-ryū schools teach these basic ''kata'', particularly '' Taikyoku Shodan'' (太極初段).
* ''Pinan'' kata: created by Ankō Itosu, and consisting of ''Pinan Shodan'' (平安初段), ''Pinan Nidan'' (平安二段), ''Pinan Sandan'' (平安三段), ''Pinan Yodan'' (平安四段), and ''Pinan Godan'' (平安五段). Funakoshi renamed this series as the ''Heian'' series.
* '' Kūshankū'' クーシャンクー (公相君): "Sky Viewing". Kūshankū was the Okinawan name for Kwang Shang Fu, a Sapposhi (emissary of China's ruling class) sent to Okinawa in the 18th century. This ''kata'' uses stances and attacks consisting of the five previous ''Pinan kata''. No new techniques are introduced. Funakoshi renamed this ''kata'' as ''Kankū Dai''.
* '' Naihanchi'' ナイハンチ (内畔戦; also known as ''Naifanchi''): this was the original name for the three ''Tekki kata'', but was changed by Funakoshi. This is a lateral ''kata'' learned from Chōki Motobu. Wadō-ryū practices only the first Naihanchi ''kata''.
* '' Seishan'' セイシャン (征射雲): the name means "13 hands." This ''kata'' was named after a well-known Chinese martial artist who lived in or near Shuri ''c.'' 1700. The movements are repeated in sets of three, and has pivots and turning of the head. Funakoshi renamed this ''kata'' as Hangetsu.
* '' Chintō'' チントウ (鎮闘): formulated by Matsumura Sōkon from the teachings of a sailor or pirate named Chintō (or Annan, depending on the source). Crane stance occurs many times, and the flying kicks differentiate ''Chintō'' from other ''kata''. Funakoshi renamed this ''kata'' as Gankaku.
* '' Bassai'' バッサイ (披塞; also known as ''Passai''): a Tomari-te ''kata'' that uses dynamic stances and hip rotation. Funakoshi renamed this ''kata'' as ''Bassai Dai''.
* '' Rōhai'' ローハイ (老梅): ''Rōhai'' has three variation invented by Itosu. Wadō-ryū practices ''Rōhai Shodan''. Funakoshi renamed this ''kata'' as Meikyo.
* '' Niseishi'' ニーセイシ: the name means "24 steps." Transmitted by Ankichi Aragaki, this ''kata'' is known in Japanese as Nijūshiho (二十四步).
* '' Wanshū'' ワンシュウ (晩愁): the name means "flying swallow." This is a Tomari-te ''kata'' based on movements brought to Okinawa in 1683 by a Chinese envoy of the same name. The metaphorical name, "Flying Swallows," comes from the soft blocking sequences near the end of this ''kata''. Funakoshi renamed this ''kata'' as Empi.
* '' Jion'' ジオン (慈恩): A Tomari-te ''kata''; part of the ''Jion kata'' group.
* ''Jitte'' ジッテ (十手): another Tomari-te ''kata'' of the ''Jion kata'' group; the name means "10 hands."
* ''Suparinpei'' スーパーリンペイ (壱百零八拳): known as "108 hands," representing the 108 evil spirits of man. This ''kata'' is also said to have represented a band of 108 warriors that travelled the Chinese countryside in the 17th century, performing 'Robin Hood'-type tasks of doing good deeds, giving to the poor, and so on. It is also known by its Chinese name of Pechurrin, and occasionally referred to as ''Haiku Hachi Ho'' (a name given by Funakoshi). ''Suparinpei'' was originally listed as a Wadō-ryū ''kata'' with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai by Hironori Ōtsuka, but he eventually discarded it. Some Wadō-ryū instructors and schools still teach this ''kata''.
* ''Kunpu''
* ''Unsū'': the name means "cloud hands". Advanced kata also found in Shotokan, as well as Shito-Ryu. Its origins are a mystery, and its speculated to have originated from either Dragon-style of Chinese Kung Fu or Arakaki Seishō.

In addition to the solo ''kata'' listed above, many Wadō-ryū schools also practice paired ''kata'', which reflects its jujutsu heritage. These paired ''kata'' are performed by two people (one as the attacker and one as the defender), demonstrating a range of self-defense techniques. The paired ''kata'' of Wadō-ryū often vary from one organisation from another, because Ōtsuka did not standardise them. The paired ''kata'' are:
* ''Yakusoku Kihon Kumite'': consists of 10 fundamental techniques of attack against combination attacks (combinations of kicks and punches), influenced by jujutsu body movements.
* ''Kumite Gata'': consists of 10 – 24 varietal techniques (depending on the organisation) of attack emphasizing Katamae (pinning) and Kuzushi (breaking balance) and multiple strikes.
* ''Ohyo Kumite'': consists of various techniques of attack, incorporating Karate blocks, kicks and strikes with jujutsu throws and body movements. This is a specialty of Tatsuo Suzuki Hanshi's W.I.K.F organisation.
* ''Idori no Kata'': consists of 5–10 techniques (depending on the organisation) of seated self-defense, influenced by jujutsu throwing and joint-locking techniques.
* ''Tantodori no Kata'': consists of 7–10 techniques (depending on the organisation) of defenses against knife attacks, influenced by jujutsu body movements, throwing, and joint-locking techniques.
* ''Shinken Shirahadori'' ( 真剣白刃取り): consists of 5–10 (depending on organisation) techniques of defenses against sword attacks, influenced by jujutsu body movements, throwing, and joint-locking techniques.

In addition to the three paired ''kata'' above, there are also ''Gyakunage Kata'' (''kata'' of throwing), ''Joshi Goshinjutsu'' (''kata'' of women's self-defense), '' Kodokan Goshin Jutsu'' & some others, but they are not commonly taught.

Ranks

Wadō-ryū uses a typical karate belt order to denote rank. The beginner commences at 9th or 10th ''kyū'' (depending on the organisation and school) and progresses to 1st ''kyū'', then from 1st–5th '' dan'' for technical grades. The ranks of 6th–10th ''dan'' are honorary ranks. Although some other karate styles add stripes to their belt for the ''dan'' ranks, Wado-ryū practitioners tend not to follow that practice.

The rank at which Wado practitioners are first able to teach is usually 3rd ''dan'', but this depends on the organisation. Some Wado ryu organisations require completion of a special course in addition to attaining a certain ''dan'' rank.

Schools that use the same belt colour for multiple ''kyu'' ranks typically, although not necessarily, use stripes to indicate progress within that belt colour.

History

The founder of Wadō-ryū, Hironori Ōtsuka, was born on 1 June 1892 in Shimodate, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. In 1898, Ōtsuka began practicing ''koryū jujutsu'' under Chojiro Ebashi. From 1905–1921, he studied Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu under Tatsusaburo Nakayama. In 1922, he met Gichin Funakoshi and began to train under him. In 1924, Ōtsuka became one of the first students promoted to black belt in karate by Funakoshi. To broaden his knowledge of Karate, Ōtsuka also studied with other prominent masters such as Kenwa Mabuni of Shitō-ryū and Motobu Chōki.

By 1927, Ōtsuka had become an assistant instructor in Funakoshi's Shotokan school. In 1929, Ōtsuka organised the first school karate club at Tokyo University. Eiichi Eriguchi coined the term 'Wadō-ryū' in 1934.

In 1938, Ōtsuka registered his style of karate with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai under the name of "Shinshu Wadoryu Karate-Jujutsu." Soon after, however, this was shortened to "Wadō-ryū" (和道流). In 1938, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai awarded Ōtsuka the rank of ''Renshi-Go'', followed in 1942 by the rank of ''Kyoshi-Go''. It was around this time that Tatsuo Suzuki, founder of the WIKF, began training in Wadō-ryū. In 1944, Ōtsuka was appointed Japan's Chief Karate Instructor. In 1946, Ōtsuka awarded Tatsuo Suzuki the rank of 2nd '' dan''.

Around 1950, Jiro Ōtsuka (the founder's second son) began training in Wadō-ryū while in his adolescent years. In 1951, Ōtsuka awarded Tatsuo Suzuki the rank of 5th ''dan'', the highest rank awarded in Wadō-ryū at that time. In 1952, the Wadō-ryū headquarters (''honbu'') was established at the Meiji University dojo in Tokyo. In 1954, its name was changed to ''Zen Nippon Karate Renmei'' (All Japan Karate Federation). In 1955, Ōtsuka published "Karatejutsu no Kenkyu," a book expounding his style of karate. In 1963, he dispatched Suzuki, along with Toru Arakawa and Hajimu Takashima, to spread Wadō-ryū around the world.

In 1964, the Japan Karate Federation (JKF) was established as a general organisation for all karate styles. Wadō-ryū joined this organisation as a major group. In 1965, Ōtsuka and Yoshiaki Ajari recorded onto film (which is now still available on two video tapes) much of the legacy of Wadō-ryū karate. The first video, "Wadō-ryū Karate Volume 1," consists of: in-depth history and recollections; demonstrations of the eight ''Kihon No Tsuki'' body shifts; the first five ''Kihon-Kumite''; and the ''kata'' ''Pinan'' 1–5, ''Kūshankū'', ''Jion'', ''Naihanchi'', and ''Seishan''. The second video, "Wadō-ryū Karate Volume 2," consists of: more history; the ''kata'' ''Chintō'', ''Niseishi'', ''Rōhai'', ''Wanshu'', and ''Jitte''; as well as ''Kihon-Kumite'' 6–10, along with application. In 1966, Ōtsuka was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Fifth Class by Emperor Hirohito for his dedication to the introduction and teaching of karate. On 5 June 1967, the Wadō-ryū organisation changed its name to "Wadōkai."

In 1972, the President of Kokusai Budō Renmei, a member of the Japanese royal family, awarded Ōtsuka the title of ''Meijin''. In 1975, Suzuki received his 8th ''dan'', the highest grade ever given (at the time) by the Federation of All Japan Karate-dō Organisations, and was named ''Hanshi-Go'' by the uncle of Emperor Higashikuni.

In 1980, as the result of a conflict between Ōtsuka and the Wadōkai organisation over personal withdrawals from the organisation's bank accounts, he stepped down as head of the Wadōkai. Eiichi Eriguchi took over his place within that organisation. On 1 April 1981, Ōtsuka founded the "Wadōryū Karatedō Renmei." (''Renmei'' means "group" or "federation.") After only a few months, he retired as head of this organisation. His son, Jiro Ōtsuka, took his place. On 29 January 1982, Hironori Ōtsuka died, and in 1983, Jiro Ōtsuka succeeded him as grandmaster of Wadō-ryū. The younger Ōtsuka changed his name to "Hironori Otsuka II" in honor of his late father. In 1989, Tatsuo Suzuki founded the third major Wadō-ryū organisation, "Wadō Kokusai" (Wadō International Karatedō Federation; WIKF). (''Kokusai'' means "international.") In 2011 following Suzuki's death, Jon Wicks succeeded as the WIKF chief instructor. In 2015 following Jiro's death, his son Kazutaka succeeded him as grandmaster of Wadō-ryū, assuming the name "Hironori Otsuka III".

Organisation

Wadō-ryū is spread between three independently-led organisations: Wadōkai, Wadō Kokusai and Wadō-ryū Karate-dō Renmei.

Wadō-ryū outside Japan

Wadō-ryū has been spread to many countries in the world, by both Japanese and non-Japanese students of Hironori Otsuka. Japanese Wadō-ryū stylists Tatsuo Suzuki, Teruo Kono, Masafumi Shiomitsu, H. Takashima, Naoki Ishikawa, Yoshihiko Iwasaki, Kuniaki Sakagami and many others spread the art in Europe. Yoshiaki Ajari, Masaru Shintani and Isaac Henry Jr. spread the art in the United States and Canada, Joaquim Gonçalves (from Portugal) and many others have helped to spread the style in their respective countries. In 1968, Otsuka promoted Cecil T. Patterson of the United States to 5th ''dan'', and charged him with the creation of the United States Eastern Wado-Kai Federation (USEWF).

Following the split between Otsuka and the Wado-Kai in 1980, Patterson and the USEWF (renamed: United States Eastern Wadō-ryū Karate Federation) remained with Otsuka. Following Patterson's death in 2002, his son John T. Patterson assumed the presidency of the USEWF. Patterson's organisation continues as an active member of the Wadō Ryū Karatedō Renmei. In the UK, Wadō-ryū has been cited as a key influence in the development of the hybrid martial art Sanjuro.

Notable practitioners

* Hironori Ōtsuka (founder)
* Tatsuo Suzuki
* Seiji Nishimura
* Masaru Shintani
* Cecil T. Patterson
* Hamish Telfer Adam
* Toru Arakawa
* Steven Bellamy
* Ticky Donovan
* Gilbert Ballantine
* Vic Charles
* Eugene Codrington
* William Millerson
* Hiroo Mochizuki
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Notes

References

Sources

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Citations

External links

International Federation of Wado-Ryu Karate-Do or Wadōryū Karatedō Renmei

Wado International Karate-Do Federation (WIKF)

Wado-Ryu Poland

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wado-Ryu

Karate
Japanese karate
Okinawan karate
Traditional karate
Japanese martial arts