Vættir

A wight is a being or thing. This general meaning is shared by cognate terms in Germanic languages, however the usage of the term varies greatly over time and between regions. In Old English, it could refer to anything in existence, with more specific usages arising in Middle English, perhaps due to the term of similar meaning in Anglo-Norman, . The term is widely used in modern fantasy, often to mean specifically a being which is undead.

Etymology

Modern English "wight" is descended from or , from , from Proto-West Germanic '*wihti' from from Proto-Indo-European: '*wekti' ("cause, sake, thing"), from Proto-Indo-European "*wekʷ-" ("to say, tell"). "Wight" is further cognate with , , , and , the ancestor of , and . A dialect form in Swedish is , which, similar to the other form, is descended from Old Swedish: ''vætter''.

Medieval period

Old English

In Old English, has been variously translated as "wight", "creature" and "being". The term is found in the compound words ("all beings") and ("aught", "anything"). is often used as the subject of riddles, such as riddle 86 from the Exeter Book, in which it has been interpreted as referring to a person selling vegetables, likely garlics. The term is also used to refer to beings such as the dwarf which is the focus of the XCIIIB charm, and the eoten Grendel and the dragon in Beowulf.

The word began to acquire the sense of supernatural or unearthly beings, included in the 8th century Lindisfarne Gospels.

Middle English

Connotations and scope

When was borrowed from Anglo-Norman around 1300 CE, it was possibly wholly synonymous with , however over time the words became differentiated by speakers. The exact usage of the term varies between works but it broadly is used in one of five loose categories that blur between themselves:
* a "living creature", an element of the earthly world
* a generic being, with few connotations
* an enemy or social inferior that is seen as other
* as beloved, often gendered
* a being connected to the spiritual realm, either good or bad

The term is used to refer to a range of positive beings with supernatural aspects such as saints, Jesus, and his mother, Mary. It has been argued that the term could be used for anything other than God the Father, as he himself was not created in Christian theology. It has been noted, however, that it is stated in the Man of Law that Daniel in the lion's den was saved by "No wight but God", showing it was possible to use the term to refer to a class of beings that includes both man and the Christian god. Though there are no extant texts in Middle English that refer to God the Father directly as a .

The most common use of the term, however, is to refer to everyday corporeal beings as these are much more represented in normal conversation. is commonly found with adjectives, such as , , or . The phrase "" is notable, occurring frequently and often in gendered and romantic contexts.

Examples

* Geoffrey Chaucer
: '' The Reeve's Tale'', (1387–1400), line 4236:
:: "For leynhad swonken al the longe nyght,
:: And seyde, 'Fare weel, Malyne, sweete wight!'"
: '' The Monk's Tale'', (1387–1400), line 380:
:: "She kept her maidenhood from every wight
:: To no man deigned she for to be bond."
:'' The Book of the Duchess'', (1387–1400), line 579:
:: "Worste of alle wightes."
: '' Prologue of The Knight'', (1387–1400), line 72–73:
:: "Ne neuere yet no vileynye he sayde
:: In al his lyf vnto no manere wight.
:: He was a verray parfit gentil knyght."
: '' The House of Fame'', (1379–1380), line 1830–1831:
:: "We ben shrewes, every wight,
:: And han delyt in wikkednes."

Old Norse

As with "wight", () means a being, especially a supernatural being. It occurs in compound nouns such as ("evil wight"), ("guardian spirit of a country"), ("witch wight" or "sorceress") and ("helping sprite").

Modern period

Modern English

Modern Fantasy

Wights feature in J. R. R. Tolkien's world of Middle-earth, especially in ''The Lord of the Rings'', and in George R. R. Martin's novel series ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' and HBO television series '' Game of Thrones''. Since its 1974 inclusion in the RPG '' Dungeons & Dragons'' (D&D), it has become a recurring form of undead in other fantasy games and mods, such as '' Vampire: The Masquerade''. and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.

Examples of usage

* Edmund Spenser, ''The Faerie Queene'', (1590–1596), I.i.6.8–9:
*: "That every wight to shrowd it did constrain,
*: And this fair couple eke to shroud themselues were fain."
* William Shakespeare, '' The Merry Wives of Windsor'', (c. 1602), Act I, Sc. III:
*: "O base Hungarian wight! wilt thou the spigot wield?"
* William Shakespeare, '' Othello'', (c. 1603), Act II, Sc. I:
*: "She was a wight, if ever such wight were"
* John Milton, '' On the Death of a Fair Infant Dying of a Cough'', (1626), verse vi:
*: "Oh say me true if thou wert mortal wight..."
* Church of Scotland, '' Scots Metrical Psalter'', (1650), Psalm 18 verse xxvi:
*: "froward thou kythst unto the froward wight..."
* William Wordsworth, "To the Daisy" (1802) line 28:
*: Whole Summer-fields are thine by right;
*: And Autumn, melancholy wight!
*: Doth in thy crimson head delight
*: When rains are on thee.
* John Keats, " La Belle Dame Sans Merci", (1820):
*: Ah what can ail thee, wretched wight,
*: Alone and palely loitering;
* Washington Irving, " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820):
*: "In this by-place of nature there abode, in a remote period of American history, that is to say, some thirty years since, a worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane, who sojourned, or, as he expressed it, "tarried," in Sleepy Hollow, for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity."
* George Gordon, Lord Byron (1812–1816), '' Childe Harold's Pilgrimage ''Canto 1, verse :
*: Ah, me! in sooth he was a shamles wight ...".
* Edwin Greenslade Murphy, "Wot Won the Larst?", in ''Dryblower’s Verses'', (1926):
*: From weedy little wights whose cigarettes
*: Recall a badly-disinfected drain
* W.S. Gilbert, " Princess Ida", (1883), a song sung by the character King Gama:
*: "Now when a wight sits up all night, ill natured jokes devising,
and all his wiles are met with smiles, it's hard, there's no disguising!"

German

A similar change of meaning can be seen in the German cognate ''Wicht'', meaning a living human being, generally rather small, poor or miserable man (not woman). The word is somewhat old-fashioned in today's language, but it is still used and readily recognized in everyday speech.

The diminutive ''Wichtel'' refers to beings in folklore and fantasy, generally small, and often helpful, dwelling in or near human settlements, secretly doing work and helping the humans, somewhat similar to the more specific '' Heinzelmännchen. Wichtel'' in this sense is recorded since the Middle Ages. Today, ''Wichtel'' is more often used than ''Wicht''.

Dutch

The word ''wicht'' can be used to refer, to any woman, often with negative connotations. It is not used to refer to men.

''Booswicht'' (literally evil-being) matching 'villain', can be used to describe both men and women.

North Germanic languages

In Danish, the term and the Norwegian cognate typically refer to supernatural beings from folklore or a lesser god, especially those that live underground or near the home, such as dwarfs and nisser. In Swedish, similarly typically refers to supernatural beings, often those that are small and resembling humans.

See also

* Rå, spirits that protect natural features in later Scandinavian folklore

References

Bibliography

Primary

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Secondary

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*Reidar Th. Christiansen (1964) ''Folktales of Norway'' (University of Chicago Press)
*“Norske Folkeeventyr.” ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Norske-folkeeventyr.

Further reading

*
Norske Folke-Eventyr
' (Norwegian Folktales), by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen & Jørgen Engebretsen Moe, 1843, 1844, 1871, 1876.

{{Scandinavian folklore

Anglo-Saxon paganism
English legendary creatures
Scandinavian folklore
Corporeal undead