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The Volkswagen Type 82 ''Kübelwagen'' (), or simply ''Kübel'', contractions of the original German word ''Kübelsitzwagen'' (translated: 'bucket-seat car' — but when the contractions are translated literally a
back-formation Back-formation is the process or result of creating a neologism, new word via Morphology (linguistics), morphology, typically by removing or substituting actual or supposed affixes from a lexical item, in a way that expands the number of lexemes ...
of 'bucket' or 'tub'-car results), is a
military A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a d ...
light utility vehicle designed by
Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was a German automotive engineering, automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche, Porsche AG. He is best known for creating the first Petrol engine, gasoline–Electric motor, el ...
and built by
Volkswagen Volkswagen (VW; )English: , . is a German automotive industry, automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Established in 1937 by German Labour Front, The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it ...
during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
for use by the
Nazi German Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...
military (both ''
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...
'' and ''
Waffen-SS The (; ) was the military branch, combat branch of the Nazi Party's paramilitary ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscr ...
''). Based heavily on the
Volkswagen Beetle The Volkswagen Beetle, officially the Volkswagen Type 1, is a small family car produced by the German company Volkswagen from 1938 to 2003. One of the most iconic cars in automotive history, the Beetle is noted for its distinctive shape. Its pr ...
, it was prototyped and first deployed in Poland as the Type 62, but following improvements entered full-scale production as the Type 82. Several derivative models, such as the ''Kommandeurswagen'', were also built in hundreds, or in dozens. The four-wheel drivetrain that was prototyped in the rejected Type 86 version went into mass production in the ''Schwimmwagen''. The Type 86 performed better in comparative testing, but the additional costs of the more complex four-wheel drivetrain (both financial, as well as making the light car heavier and thirstier) did not outweigh the benefits from the German viewpoint. The Kübelwagen was intended to be able to be manhandled by its crew if they got stuck. Easily seating four men, the empty weight ''Kübel'' was easier to lift than the heavier jeep. The rear bench would seat three in a pinch, for a total of five inside. ''Kübelwagen'' is a contraction of ''Kübelsitzwagen'', meaning "bucket-seat car". Before the war, this term became popular in Germany for light open-topped cross-country and military field cars without doors, because these were typically equipped with
bucket seat A bucket seat is a car seat contoured to hold one person, distinct from a flat bench seat designed to fit multiple people. In its simplest form, it contours somewhat to the human body, but may have a deep seat and exaggerated sides that partially ...
s to help keep occupants on board, necessary in an era before the adoption of
seat belt A seat belt, also known as a safety belt or spelled seatbelt, is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop. A seat belt reduce ...
s. This body style had first been developed by in 1923. The first Porsche Type 62 test vehicles had no doors and were therefore fitted with bucket seats as ''Kübelsitzwagen'', later shortened to ''Kübelwagen''. Despite later acquiring doors, and more regular, lower seats, the name "''Kübelwagen''" was retained. Besides the Volkswagen plant,
Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (), commonly referred to simply as Mercedes and occasionally as Benz, is a German automotive brand that was founded in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG (a subsidiary of the Mercedes-Benz Group, established in 2019) is based in Stuttgart, ...
,
Opel Opel Automobile GmbH (), usually shortened to Opel, is a German automobile manufacturer which has been a subsidiary of Stellantis since 16 January 2021. It was owned by the American automaker General Motors from 1929 until 2017 and the PSA Gr ...
, and Tatra also built ''Kübel(sitz)wagen'', though they were all rear-wheel drive models only. The ''Kübelwagen'''s rolling chassis and mechanics were built at what was then the Stadt des KdF-Wagens, ("City of the 'Strength through Joy'-Car") – renamed Wolfsburg after 1945 – and its body was built by U.S.-owned firm
Ambi Budd Ambi-Budd was a German automobile body company founded by Edward Gowen Budd. In Germany, Edward Gowen Budd worked with Arthur Müller and set up a steel pressing plant ''Ambi Budd Presswerke'' (ABP) in the old Rumpler factory and became a succes ...
Presswerke in Berlin. The ''Kübelwagen'''s role as a light multi-purpose military vehicle made it the German equivalent to the Allied
Willys MB The Willys MB and the Ford GPW, both formally called the U.S. Army truck, ton, 4×4, command reconnaissance, commonly known as the Willys Jeep, Jeep, or jeep, and sometimes referred to by its List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog des ...
"jeep" and the
GAZ-67 The GAZ-67 and the GAZ-67B (from January 1944) were general-purpose four-wheel drive A four-wheel drive, also called 4×4 ("four by four") or 4WD, is a two-axled vehicle drivetrain capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultane ...
, after previous efforts to mass-produce standardized military four-wheel drives for the ''Wehrmacht'' had largely failed.


History

Although
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
had discussed the possibility of military application of the Volkswagen with
Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was a German automotive engineering, automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche, Porsche AG. He is best known for creating the first Petrol engine, gasoline–Electric motor, el ...
as early as April 1934, it was not until January 1938 that high-ranking ''
Heereswaffenamt (WaA) was the German Army Weapons Agency. It was the centre for research and development of the Weimar Republic and later the Third Reich for weapons, ammunition and army equipment to the German Reichswehr and then Wehrmacht The ''Wehr ...
'' officials formally approached Porsche about designing an inexpensive, lightweight military transport vehicle that could operate reliably both on- and off-road, in even the most extreme conditions. Porsche began work on the project immediately, having a prototype of the vehicle ready within the month, but realized during development that it would not be enough to just reinforce the Beetle's chassis to handle the stresses that military use would place on it. In order to guarantee adequate off-road performance of a two-wheel-drive vehicle with a 1,000 cc FMCV 1 engine, it would have to be lightweight. In fact, the army had stipulated a gross weight of , including four battle-dressed troops, which meant that the vehicle itself should not weigh more than . Porsche therefore sub-contracted Trutz, an experienced military coachbuilder, to help out with the body design. Developmental testing by the military began after a presentation of the prototypes designated as Type 62 in November 1938. Despite lacking
four wheel drive The Four Wheel Drive Auto Company, more often known as Four Wheel Drive (FWD), was a pioneering American company that developed and produced all-wheel drive vehicles. It was founded in 1909 in Clintonville, Wisconsin, as the Badger Four-Wheel Dr ...
, the vehicle proved very competent at maneuvering its way over rough terrain, even in a direct comparison with a contemporary standard German Army 4x4, and the project was given the green light for further development. The vehicle's light weight and ZF self-
locking differential A locking differential is a mechanical component, commonly used in vehicles, designed to overcome the chief limitation of a standard open Differential (mechanical device), differential by essentially "locking" both wheels on an axle together as ...
compensated for the lack of a four-wheel drive. Further development of the Type 62 took place during 1939, including a more angular body design, and pre-production models were field-tested in the
invasion of Poland The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
that started in September that year. Despite their overall satisfaction with the vehicle's performance, military commanders demanded a few important changes: the lowest speed of the vehicle had to be reduced from to as an adjustment to the marching pace of soldiers. Second, it needed some further improvement of its cross-country mobility. Porsche responded to both requests by mounting new axles with gear-reduction hubs, providing the car with more torque while at the same time increasing its ground clearance. Revised dampers, wheels, and a
limited-slip differential A limited-slip differential (LSD) is a type of differential gear train that allows its two output shafts to rotate at different speeds but limits the maximum difference between the two shafts. Limited-slip differentials are often known by the ...
, as well as countless small modifications completed the specification. In order to reflect the changes, the vehicle was renamed Type 82. Full-scale production of the Type 82 ''Kübelwagen'' started in February 1940, as soon as the VW factories had become operational. No major changes took place before production ended in 1945, only small modifications were implemented, mostly eliminating unnecessary parts and reinforcing others which had proved unequal to the task. Prototype versions were assembled with four-wheel-drive (Type 86) and different engines, but none offered a significant increase in performance or capability over the existing Type 82, so these designs went nowhere. As of March 1943, the car received a revised dash and the bigger 1,131 cc engine, developed for the ''
Schwimmwagen The Volkswagen ''Schwimmwagen'' () is a light four-wheel drive amphibious car, used extensively by German ground forces during the Second World War. With over 15,000 units built, the ''Schwimmwagen'' is the most-produced amphibious car in histo ...
'', that produced more torque and power than the original 985 cc unit. Power of the original, 1-litre engine is , while the larger, 1.1-litre unit offered . When Volkswagen production ceased at the end of the war, 50,435 ''Kübelwagen'' vehicles had been produced, and the vehicle had proven to be surprisingly useful, reliable, and durable.


Post-war

Upon conquest of Germany by the Allies, the country was occupied in four sectors: a U.S., Soviet, U.K. and French sector respectively, and the massive Volkswagen factory and the town built for its workers,
Wolfsburg Wolfsburg (; Eastphalian language, Eastphalian: ''Wulfsborg'') is the fifth-largest city in the Germany, German state of Lower Saxony, on the river Aller (Germany), Aller east of Hanover and west of Berlin. Wolfsburg is famous as the locat ...
, fell into the British sector. U.K. Major
Ivan Hirst Major Ivan Hirst (1 March 1916 – 10 March 2000) was a British Army officer and engineer who was instrumental in reviving Volkswagen from a single factory in Wolfsburg, Germany, into a major postwar automotive manufacturer. Education Hirst w ...
was put in charge of the factory and workers. He is largely credited with production resuming, and reopening the VW factory. He organized the clearance of bomb damage, and had the buildings repaired. He recommissioned machine tools, body presses and assembly jigs; he concerned himself with improving the quality of the civilian car, including starting a sales and service network and starting exports. Despite a damning report of Volkswagens by engineers from the British
Rootes Group The Rootes Group was a British automobile manufacturer and, separately, a major motor distributors and dealers business. From headquarters in the West End of London, the manufacturer was based in the English Midlands, Midlands and the distribu ...
stating that: "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motorcar...", the British Army thought differently. When a surviving wartime Volkswagen was demonstrated to the British Rhine Army Group headquarters, the U.K. military ordered a batch of 20,000 similar vehicles. By the end of 1945, the factory had managed to put together 2,490 cars. Many of them were then bartered in exchange for materials to make more cars. Hirst turned production around to export civilian Volkswagens; the first export went to the
Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
in 1947. Long after the end of the war, VW resurrected the basic ''Kübelwagen'' design as the 1969 Type 181, developed for the
German Federal Armed Forces The (, ''Federal Defence'') are the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part consists of the four armed forces: German Army, ...
and later also produced this model for the civilian market, which was known as "Thing" in the US, "Trekker" in the UK, and "Safari" in Mexico. Although similar in looks and design, almost no parts were interchangeable with the original Type 82.
Intermeccanica Intermeccanica (formally Construzione Automobili Intermeccanica) is an automobile manufacturer, founded in Torino, Italy, in 1959 by Frank Reisner and Paula Reisner. It subsequently moved first to the United States, then to Canada, and is cur ...
of Canada has been producing a Kübelwagen replica since 1995.


Technology and performance

When the German military took delivery of the first vehicles, it immediately put them to the test on- and off-road in snow and ice to test their capability at handling European winters. Several four-wheel-drive vehicles were used as reference points. The two-wheel-drive ''Kübelwagen'' surprised even those who had been a part of its development, as it easily out-performed the other vehicles in nearly every test. Most notably, thanks to its smooth, flat underbody, the ''Kübel'' would propel itself much like a motorised sled when the wheels sank into sand, snow, or mud, allowing it to follow tracked vehicles with remarkable tenacity. In November 1943, the U.S. military conducted a series of tests as well on one or several Type 82s it had captured in
North Africa campaign The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers. It included campaigns in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert campaign, Desert Wa ...
. This evaluation, done at the Army's
Aberdeen Proving Ground Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) is a U.S. Army facility located adjacent to Aberdeen, Harford County, Maryland, United States. More than 7,500 civilians and 5,000 military personnel work at APG. There are 11 major commands among the tenant units, ...
, resulted in the publication of War Department Technical Manual TM E9-803, 6 June 1944 (on D-Day). The manual's publication date (D-Day) is assumed to be coincidental, but its TM number was identical to that of the American jeep, with the prefix 'E' for 'enemy'. It was intended for distribution after the 6 June
invasion of Normandy Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful liberation of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day) with the ...
to US military personnel who might encounter ones that had been abandoned, possibly for lack of fuel or a minor technical problem, and with the help of this manual, might be put into service as additional vehicles. The TM calls the type 82 'a four-wheeled, rubbertyred, rear axle drive personnel carrier and reconnaissance car, comparable in purpose and size to the American 1/4 ton truck'. So thorough was the analysis that it included information beyond what could be done as field servicing, plus ways of dealing with very low temperatures. U.S. War Department Technical Manual TM-E 30-451, ''Handbook on German Military Forces'', (p. 416), states: "The ''Volkswagen'', the German equivalent of the American "Jeep", is inferior in every way except in the comfort of its seating accommodations." At the same time, another ''Kübelwagen'', also captured in North Africa, had been dissected in Britain by engineers of the Humber Car Company, whose report said it exhibited no "special brilliance" in design except in details and that "it is suggested that it is not to be regarded as an example of first class modern design to be copied by British industry". Among the design features that contributed to the ''Kübelwagen''s performance were: * Light weight. While it was some longer than the
Willys MB The Willys MB and the Ford GPW, both formally called the U.S. Army truck, ton, 4×4, command reconnaissance, commonly known as the Willys Jeep, Jeep, or jeep, and sometimes referred to by its List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog des ...
, it weighed more than less. * Very flat and smooth underbody that allowed the car to slide without snags over the surface it was traversing. * Considerable ground clearance, roughly , in part thanks to: ** The use of
portal gear A portal axle (or portal gear lift) is an off-road vehicle suspension and drive technology where the axle tube or the half-shaft is offset from – usually above – the center of the wheel hub and where driving power is transferred to each wheel ...
hub reduction, providing more torque and ride height simultaneously. ** Independent suspension on all four wheels. ** Self-locking differential, limiting slippage and retaining traction. In addition, the air-cooled engine proved highly tolerant of hot and cold climates alike, and was less vulnerable to bullets due to the absence of a radiator. For starting under winter conditions, a special, highly volatile starting fuel was supplied from a small auxiliary tank. As the body was not a load-bearing part of the structure of the vehicle, it could easily be modified to special purposes, just like the jeep's. The ''Kübelwagen'', thanks to its geared hubs, could go as slow as marching troops , yet reach a top speed of .


Variants

The following body types and variants of the Type 82 were produced: * Type 62: Prototype ''Kübelwagen'', constructed from 15 May 1938; pre-production models (1939) field tested in the invasion of Poland * Type 67: 2-stretcher ambulance; Type 60 Beetle chassis with modified Type 82 body * Type 82/0: Basic, standard four seater * Type 82/1: Three-seater; usually radio car * Type 82/2: Sirencar (Siemens motor-driven siren mounted on passenger side in place of the rear seat) * Type 82/3: Mock-up scout car / armoured vehicle, incl. gun-turret atop cabin – for decoy and training purposes * Type 82/5: ''Kübelwagen'' chassis, with Type 60/LO ''Pritschenwagen'' (Beetle pickup-truck) body. * Type 82/6: ''"Tropenwagen"'': ''Kübelwagen'' chassis, with Beetle panel-van / box-van body * Type 82/7: Three-seat 'Command car': a Type 82 chassis, fitted with a Beetle body and roll-up canvas roof section. These three-seaters had a single rear seat behind the driver, and a co-driver's seat with fully reclining backrest for a commanding officer. * Type 82/8: Like regular open Type 82/0 ''Kübelwagen'', but with body made of wood, to save on scarce steel resources * Type 82/E: ''"Geländekäfer"'': ''Kübelwagen'' chassis with Beetle body (688 manufactured) * Type 86: Four-wheel drive (six prototypes made) * Type 87: " ''Kommandeurwagen''": a Type 86
4WD A four-wheel drive, also called 4×4 ("four by four") or 4WD, is a two-axled vehicle drivetrain capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultaneously. It may be full-time or on-demand, and is typically linked via a transfer case provi ...
''Kübelwagen'' chassis with Beetle command car body. Fitted with
running boards A running board or footboard is a narrow step fitted under the side doors of a tram ( cable car, trolley, or streetcar in North America), car, or truck. It aids entry, especially into high vehicles, and is typical of vintage trams and cars, ...
, under-hood-mounted spare tire (accompanied by a gas can, a jack, a small tool kit, and a shovel), and widened fenders for its larger-diameter ''Kronprinz'' (Crown Prince) off-road tires. Some were provided to high-ranking officers, who could push through virtually any kind of terrain with them. (667 produced) * Type 89: Fitted with experimental
automatic transmission An automatic transmission (AT) or automatic gearbox is a multi-speed transmission (mechanics), transmission used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. The 1904 ...
* Type 92/LO:''deprecated'' — from April 1943 known as Type 82/5 * Type 92/O: ''"offen"'': ''Kübelwagen'' chassis, with Type 60/O (Beetle convertible) body * Type 92/SS: (until April 1943): with interior attachments for fire-arms — from April 1943 deprecated, and known as Type 82/E * Type 98: Beetle body with roll-up roof, on the Type 86 ''Kübelwagen'' 4×4 drive train * Type 106: Fitted with an experimental
transmission Transmission or transmit may refer to: Science and technology * Power transmission ** Electric power transmission ** Transmission (mechanical device), technology that allows controlled application of power *** Automatic transmission *** Manual tra ...
(assumed different from the Type 89) * Type 107: Fitted with a
turbocharger In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (also known as a turbo or a turbosupercharger) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into th ...
* Type 115: Fitted with a
supercharger In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement (engine), displacement. It is a form of forced induction that is mechanically ...
* Type 126: Fitted with a fully synchronized
gearbox A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication/r ...
(assumed different from the Type 278) * Type 155/1:
Half-track A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with wheels at the front for steering and continuous tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. A half-track combines the soft-ground traction of a tank with the Car handl ...
/ snow-track ''Kübelwagen'' prototype. Pictures of several track-set designs exist, although it is possible, that these were consecutively fitted to the same prototype. Trials proved, that the Type 155 was able to cover the most difficult terrain, but the modifications necessary to the standard ''Kübelwagen'' were extensive and the resulting vehicle was both very slow and forbiddingly inefficient. * Type 157: Railway car equipment, used for Types 82 and 87 * Type 164: Six-wheeled, twin engine, dual-control prototype; never entered production * Type 177: Fitted with a five-speed transmission (as opposed to the standard four-speed unit) * Type 179: Fitted with
fuel-injected Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in Reciprocating engine, reciprocating piston and Wankel eng ...
Volkswagen Volkswagen (VW; )English: , . is a German automotive industry, automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Established in 1937 by German Labour Front, The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it ...
engine * Type 179-F: Later updated directly to the ''
Schwimmwagen The Volkswagen ''Schwimmwagen'' () is a light four-wheel drive amphibious car, used extensively by German ground forces during the Second World War. With over 15,000 units built, the ''Schwimmwagen'' is the most-produced amphibious car in histo ...
'' (mentioned above)—Could cross water and temporarily be used as a small boat and/or landing craft. Because of a thick and bulletproof skid plate, the engine was protected and all valves in the rear were airtight. The engine had a flush-activated 179 fuel injected engine, that would act as a drainer to push water out and prevent the engine from flooding. * Type 198: Fitted with a PTO and auxiliary gearbox for starting the engines of armoured fighting vehicles * Type 235: Fitted for power by an electric motor * Type 239: Fitted for power by a wood-gas generator mounted on the nose (also listed as Type 230) * Type 240: Fitted for power by bottled gas * Type 276: ''"Schlepperfahrzeug"'': Type 82 fitted with a towing hook to pull a 3.7 cm 'PaK 36' gun"''Der VW Kübelwagen Typ 82 im Zweiten Weltkrieg''" by Janusz Piekalkiewicz, published by Motorbuch, Stuttgart in 2002 * Type 278: Fitted with synchronized
gearbox A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication/r ...
* Type 307: Fitted with a heavy-duty
carburetor A carburetor (also spelled carburettor or carburetter) is a device used by a gasoline internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the Ventu ...
* Type 309: Prototype fitted with a
diesel engine The diesel engine, named after the German engineer Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which Combustion, ignition of diesel fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to Mechanics, mechanical Compr ...
* Type 331: Prototype fitted for power by a "native fuel system" (acetylene gas) engine (also listed as Type 231) * Type 332: Fitted for power by
anthracite Anthracite, also known as hard coal and black coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a lustre (mineralogy)#Submetallic lustre, submetallic lustre. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy densit ...
coal


Gallery

File:1943 Kübelwagen 25HP 1131cc.jpg, 1943 Kübelwagen in grey camouflage File:Austria Gmuend Porsche Museum07.jpg, Type 82 on display at the File:VW Kuebelwagen 2.jpg, Interior detail File:Kübelwagen.jpg, Side profile File:Kubelwagen.jpg, Type 82 replica built by Intermeccanica


See also


Notes


References

*


Further reading

*Taylor, Blaine (2004). ''Volkswagen Military Vehicles of the Third Reich''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. . .


External links


Kübelwagen Restoration with many detailsKübelwagen RegistryVolkswagen Kübelwagen Technical Manual TM E9-803
US War Department, June 1944
Intermeccanica Kübelwagen
{{DEFAULTSORT:Volkswagen Kubelwagen World War II vehicles of Germany Kubelwagen Goods manufactured in Germany Rear-engined vehicles Cars powered by boxer engines Military light utility vehicles Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944 Military vehicles of Germany Kübelwagen