''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

in the family

Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell. T ...

. It contains about 150 species of

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook **Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), a ...

and

perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...

herbaceous or semi-woody

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s. The majority of the species are

native Native may refer to: People * '' Jus sanguinis'', nationality by blood * '' Jus soli'', nationality by location of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Nat ...

to the Americas and Asia; however, ''

Verbena officinalis ''Verbena officinalis'', the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mauve flowers. ...

'', the common vervain or common verbena, is the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

and native to Europe.

Naming

In English, the name ''Verbena'' is usually used in the United States and the United Kingdom; elsewhere, the terms ''verveine'' or ''vervain'' are in use.

Description

Verbena is a

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of ...

flowering plant, belonging to the Verbenaceae

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

, and may be annual or perennial depending on the

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

. The leaves are usually opposite, simple, and in many species hairy, often densely so. The flowers are small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Typically some shade of blue, they may also be white, pink, or purple, especially in

cultivar A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root a ...

s. The genus can be divided into a

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, ...

North American and a

polyploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the biological cell, cells of an organism have more than two paired sets of (Homologous chromosome, homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have Cell nucleus, nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning ...

South American lineage, both with a base

chromosome number Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, ...

of seven. The European species is derived from the North American lineage. It seems that verbena as well as the related

mock vervain ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas an ...

s (''Glandularia'') evolved from the assemblage provisionally treated under the genus name ''

Junellia ''Junellia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena and vervain family Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable ...

''; both other genera were usually included in the Verbenaceae until the 1990s. Intergeneric

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which captur ...

gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HGT is an important factor in the e ...

by an undetermined mechanism – though probably not hybridization – has occurred at least twice from vervains to ''Glandularia'', between the ancestors of the present-day South American lineages and once more recently, between '' V. orcuttiana'' or '' V. hastata'' and '' G. bipinnatifida''. In addition, several species of verbena are of natural

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two diff ...

origin; the well-known garden vervain/verbena has an entirely muddy history. The relationships of this close-knit group are therefore hard to resolve with standard methods of

computational phylogenetics Computational phylogenetics, phylogeny inference, or phylogenetic inference focuses on computational and optimization algorithms, Heuristic (computer science), heuristics, and approaches involved in Phylogenetics, phylogenetic analyses. The goal i ...

Cultivation

Some species, hybrids and cultivars of verbena are used as

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or ''garden plants'' are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars th ...

s. They are drought-resistant, tolerating full to partial sun, and enjoy well-drained, average soils. Plants are usually grown from seed. Some species and hybrids are not

hardy Hardy may refer to: People * Hardy (surname) * Hardy (given name) * Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter Places Antarctica * Mount Hardy, Enderby Land * Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island * Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands Australia * Hardy, ...

and are treated as half-hardy annuals in

bedding Bedding, also called bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environment ...

schemes. They are valued in

butterfly gardening Butterfly gardening is a way to create, improve, and maintain habitat for lepidopterans including butterflies, Skipper (butterfly), skippers, and moths. Butterflies have four distinct life stages—egg, larva, chrysalis, and adult. In order to ...

in suitable climates, attracting Lepidoptera such as the

Hummingbird hawk-moth The hummingbird hawk-moth (''Macroglossum stellatarum'') is a species of hawk moth found across temperate regions of Eurasia. The species is named for its similarity to hummingbirds, as they feed on the nectar of tube-shaped flowers using their ...

, Chocolate albatross, or the Pipevine swallowtail, and also hummingbirds, especially ''V. officinalis'', which is also grown as a

honey plant Honeybees often collect nectar, pollen, or both from the following species of plants, which are called honey plants, for making honey. This is not an exhaustive list of the flowering plant species Honeybees will visit. Acanthace ...

. The hybrid cultivars "Silver Anne" and "

Sissinghurst Sissinghurst is a small village in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England. Originally called ''Milkhouse Street'' (also referred to as ''Mylkehouse''), Sissinghurst changed its name in the 1850s, possibly to avoid association with the s ...

" have gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr ...

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. It includes the full range of cultivated p ...

Pests and diseases

For some verbena pathogens, see

List of verbena diseases This article is a list of diseases of verbena (''Verbena × hybrida''). Fungal diseases Viral diseases {, class="wikitable" style="clear" , Bidens mottle , , genus Potyvirus, Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) , - , Impatiens necrotic spot , , gen ...

. Cultivated verbenas are sometimes parasitized by

sweet potato whitefly The silverleaf whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'', also informally referred to as the sweet potato whitefly) is one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly ...

(''Bemisia tabaci'') and spread this pest to other crops.

Uses

Although verbena ("vervain") has been used in

herbalism Herbal medicine (also called herbalism, phytomedicine or phytotherapy) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of many herbal treatments ...

and

traditional medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) refers to the knowledge, skills, and practices rooted in the cultural beliefs of various societies, especially Indigenous groups, used for maintaining health and treatin ...

, usually as an

herbal tonic In herbal medicine, a herbal tonic (also tonic herbs, tonic herbalism) is used to help restore, tone and invigorate systems in the Human body, body or to promote general health and Wellness (alternative medicine), well-being. A herbal tonic is a ...

, there is no high-quality evidence for its effectiveness. Verbena has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of

alternative medicine Alternative medicine refers to practices that aim to achieve the healing effects of conventional medicine, but that typically lack biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or supporting evidence of effectiveness. Such practices are ...

promoted for its effect on health. According to

Cancer Research UK Cancer Research UK (CRUK) is the world's largest independent cancer research organisation. It is registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and Isle of Man, and was formed on 4 February 2002 by the merger of The Cancer Research Campaign and t ...

, "essence therapists believe that using essences can help to increase your mental, emotional and spiritual wellbeing. However, essences are not used to prevent, control, or cure cancer or any other physical condition." The

essential oil An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the ...

of various species, mainly common vervain, is traded as "Spanish verbena oil". Considered inferior to oil of

lemon verbena ''Aloysia citrodora'', lemon verbena, is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family Verbenaceae, native to South America. Other common names include lemon beebrush. It was brought to Europe by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 17th ...

(''Aloysia citrodora'') in

perfumery Perfume (, ) is a mixture of fragrance, fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), Fixative (perfumery), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agre ...

, it is of some commercial importance for herbalism.

In culture

Verbena has long been associated with divine and other supernatural forces. It was called "tears of

Isis Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingdom () as one of the main characters of the Osiris myth, in which she resurrects her sla ...

" in ancient Egypt, and later called "Hera's tears". In ancient Greece, it was dedicated to Eos Erigineia. The generic name is the Latin term for a plant sacred to the ancient Romans.

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 79), known in English as Pliny the Elder ( ), was a Roman Empire, Roman author, Natural history, naturalist, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the Roman emperor, emperor Vesp ...

describes ''verbena'' presented on

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the List of Solar System objects by size, largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a Jupiter mass, mass more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined a ...

altars; it is not entirely clear if this referred to a verbena rather than the general term for prime sacrificial herbs. Pliny the Elder notes "the Magi especially make the maddest statements about the plant: that mong other thingsa circle must be drawn with iron round the plant". The common names of verbena in many Central and Eastern European languages often associate it with

iron Iron is a chemical element; it has symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's o ...

. These include for example the Dutch ' ("iron-hard"), Danish ' ("medical ironwort"), German ' ("true ironherb"), Slovak ' ("medical ironherb"), and Hungarian ' ("iron grass"). In the early Christian era, folk legend stated that ''V. officinalis'' was used to stanch Jesus' wounds after his removal from the cross. It was consequently called "holy herb" or (e.g. in Wales) "Devil's bane". According to the Wiccan writer

Doreen Valiente Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente (4 January 1922 – 1 September 1999) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much of the early religious liturgy within the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. An author and poet, she also published five ...

, Vervain flowers signify the goddess Diana and are often depicted on '' cimaruta'', traditional Italian amulets. In the 1870 ''The History and Practice of Magic'' by "Paul Christian" (Jean-Baptiste Pitois), it is employed in the preparation of a mandragora charm. The book also describes its antiseptic capabilities (p. 336), and use as a protection against spells (pp. 339, 414).

Romani people {{Infobox ethnic group , group = Romani people , image = , image_caption = , flag = Roma flag.svg , flag_caption = Romani flag created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 World Romani Congress , po ...

use vervain for love and good luck. While common vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there; for example, the

Pawnee Pawnee initially refers to a Native American people and its language: * Pawnee people * Pawnee language Pawnee is also the name of several places in the United States: * Pawnee, Illinois * Pawnee, Kansas * Pawnee, Missouri * Pawnee City, Nebraska * ...

have adopted it as an

entheogen Entheogens are psychoactive substances used in spiritual and religious contexts to induce altered states of consciousness. Hallucinogens such as the psilocybin found in so-called "magic" mushrooms have been used in sacred contexts since ancie ...

enhancer and in

oneiromancy Oneiromancy () is a form of divination based upon dreams, and also uses dreams to predict the future. Oneirogen plants may also be used to produce or enhance dream-like states of consciousness. Occasionally, the dreamer feels as if they are trans ...

(dream divination), much as '' Calea zacatechichi'' is used in Mexico. An indeterminate vervain is among the plants on the eighth panel of the

New World Tapestry The New World Tapestry was for a time the largest stitched embroidery in the world. It depicts English colonisation in North America, Guyanas, and Bermuda between the years 1583 and 1642, when the English Civil War began. Work began on the tap ...

(''Expedition to Cape Cod''). In the Victorian

language of flowers Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...

, verbena held the dual meaning of enchantment and sensibility.

Species

The following species are accepted: (See also ''

Aloysia ''Aloysia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are known generally as beebrushes.

'' and ''

'' for species formerly placed here.) *'' Verbena alata'' Otto ex Sweet *'' Verbena alejandrana'' (B.L.Turner) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena × allenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena amoena'' Paxton *''

Verbena andalgalensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas and ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena angustilobata'' (Moldenke) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena araucana'' Phil. *'' Verbena aristigera'' S.Moore *'' Verbena atacamensis'' Reiche *'' Verbena aurantiaca'' Speg. *'' Verbena bajacalifornica'' Moldenke *'' Verbena balansae'' Briq. *'' Verbena barbata'' Graham *'' Verbena berteroi'' (Meisn.) Schauer *'' Verbena × bingenensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena bipinnatifida'' Schauer *'' Verbena × blanchardii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena bonariensis'' L. – purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, tall verbena, pretty verbena, South American vervain *'' Verbena brachyrhynchos'' (G.L.Nesom & Vorobik) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena bracteata'' Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. – prostrate vervain, large-bracted vervain *''

Verbena brasiliensis ''Verbena brasiliensis'', the Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is a flowering plant species from the vervain family (Verbenaceae). It is native to parts of South America, namely Brazil, but has spread its range in recent times and has occa ...

'' Vell. – Brazilian verbena, Brazilian vervain *'' Verbena cabrerae'' Moldenke *'' Verbena californica'' Moldenke – California vervain, Red Hills vervain *'' Verbena calinfera'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena canadensis'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena canescens'' Kunth – gray vervain *'' Verbena caniuensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena carnea'' Medik. *'' Verbena carolina'' L. *'' Verbena catharinae'' Moldenke *'' Verbena cheitmaniana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena chiricahensis'' (Umber) Moldenke *''

Verbena × clemensiorum ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena cloverae'' Moldenke *'' Verbena corymbosa'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena cuneifolia'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena dalloniana'' Quézel *'' Verbena × deamii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena delicatula'' Mart. & Zucc. *'' Verbena delticola'' Small ex Perry *'' Verbena demissa'' Moldenke *'' Verbena dissecta'' Willd. ex Spreng. *'' Verbena dusenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ehrenbergiana'' Schauer *'' Verbena elegans'' Kunth *'' Verbena × engelmannii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ephedroides'' Cham. *'' Verbena falcata'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena filicaulis'' Schauer *'' Verbena flava'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena glabrata'' Kunth *'' Verbena gooddingii'' Briq. *'' Verbena × goodmanii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena goyazensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena gracilescens'' (Cham.) Herter *'' Verbena gracilis'' Desf. *'' Verbena grisea'' B.L.Rob. & Greenm. *''

Verbena guaibensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas and ...

'' (P.Peralta & V.Thode) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena guaranitica'' (Tronc.) Moldenke *'' Verbena gynobasis'' Wedd. *'' Verbena halei'' Small – Texas vervain *'' Verbena hassleriana'' Briq. *''

Verbena hastata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas an ...

'' L. – swamp verbena, blue vervain *'' Verbena hatschbachii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena herteri'' Moldenke *'' Verbena hirta'' Spreng. *'' Verbena hispida'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena humifusa'' Cham. *''

Verbena × illicita ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena incompta'' P.W.Michael *'' Verbena intermedia'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena jessicae'' Nesom & G.S.Hinton *'' Verbena jordanensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena kuntzeana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena laciniata'' (L.) Briq. *'' Verbena landbeckii'' Phil. *''

Verbena lasiostachys ''Verbena lasiostachys'' is a species of verbena known by the common name western vervain. It is native to western North America from Oregon, throughout California, to Baja California. It is widespread and occurs in many types of habitat, includ ...

'' Link – western vervain *'' Verbena lilacina'' Greene *'' Verbena lilloana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena lindbergii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena lindmanii'' Briq. *'' Verbena lipozygioides'' Walp. *''

Verbena litoralis ''Verbena litoralis'' is a species of verbena known by the common names seashore vervain and Brazilian vervain, and in Hawaiian, ''ōwī''. It is native to the Americas from Mexico south through Central and South America to Argentina and Chile. ...

'' Kunth – seashore vervain *'' Verbena livermorensis'' B.L.Turner & G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena lobata'' Vell. *'' Verbena macdougalii'' A.Heller *'' Verbena macrosperma'' Speg. *'' Verbena madrensis'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena malmii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena malpaisana'' (T.Van Devender & G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena maritima'' Small *'' Verbena marrubioides'' Cham. *'' Verbena megapotamica'' Spreng. *'' Verbena mendocina'' Phil. *'' Verbena menthifolia'' Benth. – mint vervain *'' Verbena microphylla'' Kunth *'' Verbena moctezumae'' G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender *'' Verbena × moechina'' Moldenke *'' Verbena montevidensis'' Spreng. – Uruguayan verbena *'' Verbena moranii'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena multiglandulosa'' Moldenke *''

Verbena nana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena neomexicana'' (A.Gray) Briq. – hillside vervain *''

'' L. – common vervain, simpler's joy, holy herb, mosquito plant, wild hyssop, herb of the cross (type species) *'' Verbena × ostenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ovata'' Cham. *'' Verbena paraguariensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena paranensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena parodii'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena paulensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena perennis'' Wooton – pinleaf vervain *''

Verbena × perriana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas an ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena × perturbata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas and ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena peruviana'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena phlogiflora'' Cham. *'' Verbena pinetorum'' Moldenke *'' Verbena platensis'' Spreng. *'' Verbena plicata'' Greene *'' Verbena polyantha'' (Umber) Moldenke *'' Verbena porrigens'' Phil. *''

Verbena pumila ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas an ...

'' Rydb. *'' Verbena quadrangulata'' A.Heller *'' Verbena racemosa'' Eggert *'' Verbena radicata'' Moldenke *'' Verbena recta'' Kunth *'' Verbena rectiloba'' Moldenke *'' Verbena regnelliana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena reitzii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ribifolia'' Walp. *'' Verbena rigida'' Spreng. – tuberous vervain *'' Verbena rugosa'' Mill. *'' Verbena × rydbergii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena sagittalis'' Cham. *'' Verbena santiaguensis'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena scabra'' Vahl – sandpaper vervain *'' Verbena scabrella'' Sessé & Moc. *'' Verbena scrobiculata'' Griseb. *'' Verbena selloi'' Spreng. *'' Verbena sessilis'' (Cham.) Kuntze *'' Verbena simplex'' Lehm. – narrow-leaved vervain *'' Verbena sphaerocarpa'' L.M.Perry *'' Verbena stellarioides'' Cham. *'' Verbena stricta'' Vent. – hoary vervain *'' Verbena strigosa'' Cham. *'' Verbena × stuprosa'' Moldenke *'' Verbena subincana'' (Tronc.) Shinners *'' Verbena sulphurea'' D.Don *'' Verbena supina'' L. *'' Verbena tampensis'' Nash *'' Verbena tecticaulis'' Tronc. *'' Verbena tenera'' Spreng. *'' Verbena teucriifolia'' M.Martens & Galeotti *'' Verbena thymoides'' Cham. *'' Verbena tomophylla'' Briq. *'' Verbena townsendii'' Svenson *'' Verbena tumidula'' L.M.Perry *'' Verbena turneri'' (G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena tweedieana'' Niven ex Hook. *'' Verbena urticifolia'' L. – white vervain *''

Verbena × uruguayensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas an ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena valerianoides'' Kunth *'' Verbena venturii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena verecunda'' (Umber) Moldenke *'' Verbena villifolia'' Hayek *'' Verbena xutha'' Lehm. – gulf vervain

Gallery

File:Verbena obsession cascade pink 163940 02.jpg , Verbena obsession cascade pink File:Verbena bracteata NPS-1.jpg, Large-bracted Vervain ('' V. bracteata'') File:Verbena rigida0.jpg, '' Verbena rigida'' File:Verbena speciosa1.jpg, '' Verbena speciosa'' File:Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry.jpg, Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry File:Verbena stricta NPS-001.jpg, Hoary Vervain ('' V. stricta'')

References

External links

* {{Authority control Garden plants Verbenaceae genera Medicinal plants