The Uí Ímair (; meaning ‘''scions of Ivar’''), also known as the Ivar dynasty or Ivarids, was a Norse-Gael

dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchy, monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others. H ...

which ruled much of the

Irish Sea The Irish Sea is a body of water that separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Ch ...

region, the Kingdom of Dublin, the western coast of

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

, including the

Hebrides The Hebrides ( ; , ; ) are the largest archipelago in the United Kingdom, off the west coast of the Scotland, Scottish mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the Inner Hebrides, Inner and Ou ...

and some part of

Northern England Northern England, or the North of England, refers to the northern part of England and mainly corresponds to the Historic counties of England, historic counties of Cheshire, Cumberland, County Durham, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmo ...

, from the mid 9th century. The dynasty lost control of

York York is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, with Roman Britain, Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers River Ouse, Yorkshire, Ouse and River Foss, Foss. It has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a Yor ...

in the mid 10th century, but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times, depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants. This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine, because reliable pedigrees do not survive. Additionally, for between three and four decades, the Uí Ímair were overkings of the

Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...

itself, distinct from the

Kingdom of Strathclyde Strathclyde (, "valley of the River Clyde, Clyde"), also known as Cumbria, was a Celtic Britons, Brittonic kingdom in northern Britain during the Scotland in the Middle Ages, Middle Ages. It comprised parts of what is now southern Scotland an ...

, of which they may also have been overkings, and later briefly the Irish province of

Munster Munster ( or ) is the largest of the four provinces of Ireland, located in the south west of the island. In early Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was one of the kingdoms of Gaelic Ireland ruled by a "king of over-kings" (). Following the Nor ...

, dominated from

Waterford Waterford ( ) is a City status in Ireland, city in County Waterford in the South-East Region, Ireland, south-east of Ireland. It is located within the Provinces of Ireland, province of Munster. The city is situated at the head of Waterford H ...

, and later still, briefly the English kingdom of

Mercia Mercia (, was one of the principal kingdoms founded at the end of Sub-Roman Britain; the area was settled by Anglo-Saxons in an era called the Heptarchy. It was centred on the River Trent and its tributaries, in a region now known as the Midlan ...

. In the west of Ireland, the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of

Limerick Limerick ( ; ) is a city in western Ireland, in County Limerick. It is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Munster and is in the Mid-West Region, Ireland, Mid-West which comprises part of the Southern Region, Ireland, Southern Region. W ...

, from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again. Two members are styled queens of Ireland in the

Irish annals A number of Irish annals, of which the earliest was the Chronicle of Ireland, were compiled up to and shortly after the end of the 17th century. Annals were originally a means by which monks determined the yearly chronology of feast days. Over ti ...

(they were also queen of Mide and queen of Munster, respectively), while another was queen of

Leinster Leinster ( ; or ) is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in the southeast of Ireland. The modern province comprises the ancient Kingdoms of Meath, Leinster and Osraige, which existed during Gaelic Ireland. Following the 12th-century ...

(and

Osraige Osraige (Old Irish) or Osraighe (Classical Irish), Osraí (Modern Irish), anglicized as Ossory, was a medieval Irish kingdom comprising what is now County Kilkenny and western County Laois, corresponding to the Diocese of Ossory. The home of ...

). In the Norse sources, another was queen of Norway. Finally, another may have been queen of Brega. The name ''Uí Ímair'' in

Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (, Ogham, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ; ; or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic languages, Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts. It was used from 600 to 900. The ...

means "grandchildren" or descendants of Ivar, but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons. The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of

Amlaíb Conung Amlaíb Conung ( ; died c. 874) was a Viking leader in Ireland and Scotland in the mid-late ninth century. He was the son of the king of Lochlann, identified in the non-contemporary '' Fragmentary Annals of Ireland'' as Gofraid, and brother of ...

and of Auisle, and the

Annals of Ulster The ''Annals of Ulster'' () are annals of History of Ireland, medieval Ireland. The entries span the years from 431 AD to 1540 AD. The entries up to 1489 AD were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luin� ...

record his

obituary An obituary (wikt:obit#Etymology 2, obit for short) is an Article (publishing), article about a recently death, deceased person. Newspapers often publish obituaries as Article (publishing), news articles. Although obituaries tend to focus on p ...

under the year 873, reading: ''Imhar, rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie, uitam finiuit'' Ivar, king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain, ended his life" Probably the senior leader of the

Great Heathen Army The Great Heathen Army, also known as the Viking Great Army,Hadley. "The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire", ''Antiquaries Journal''. 96, pp. 23–67 was a coalition of Scandinavian warriors who invaded ...

, Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless (

fl. ''Floruit'' ( ; usually abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for 'flourished') denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indic ...

865–860), son of

Ragnar Lodbrok Ragnar Lodbrok (Old Norse: ''Ragnarr loðbrók'', ), according to legends, was a Viking hero and a Legendary Kings of Sweden, Swedish and Legendary kings of Denmark, Danish king.overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain. Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a "unitary empire"; it was, rather, a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred, with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders. Especially in the early period, a great portion of the dynasty's wealth, probably the majority, came from the international slave trade, both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it, for which they were infamous in their time. In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract '' The War of the Irish with the Foreigners'', although the account is exaggerated. One of the greatest dynasties of the

Viking Age The Viking Age (about ) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. The Viking Age applies not only to their ...

, the Uí Ímair were at their height a fearsome and wide-reaching power in the

British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner Hebrides, Inner and Outer Hebr ...

and perhaps beyond. Like the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately integrated with the native population but their impact on the histories of Scotland and Ireland are still visible through the cities they founded and the Norse-Gael descendants they left behind.

Ancestral homeland

Some historians believe Ímar and Ivar the Boneless to be identical, others claim they are two different individuals. According to Irish annals, Ímar was the son of Gofraid (also Goffridh, Gothfraid or Guðrøðr), who was the king of Lochlann. The Norwegians at this point were often referred to as Lochlanns by the Irish. Lochlann was widely accepted among scholars as being identical to Norway; recently, however, this has been questioned by Donnchadh Ó Corráin and other. His and others' theory is that Lochlann was the "viking Scotland" (Norse/Norwegian settlements on the Scottish islands and northern mainland). Whether the Irish annals used the term Lochlann to refer to Norway or to the Norse settlements in Scotland is still a matter of debate; however, by the 11th century the term had come to mean Norway. According to Donnchadh Ó Corráin, there is no evidence that any branch of the royal Danish dynasty ruled in Ireland. He also claims that Ímar's brother, Amlaíb Conung (the name "Conung" is from the Old Norse konungr and simply means "king"), who often has been identified as part of the royal Norwegian dynasty (Ynglingene), was in fact not. He argues that both Ímar and his brothers were part of a Norse dynasty centered in and around the Scottish mainland. The Norwegian historian Kim Hjardar and archaeologist Vegard Vike claim that Ímar is the same person as the Dane Ivar the Boneless, and that he and the Norwegian chieftain Amlaíb Conung (Olaf the White) arrived in Ireland as leaders of a coalition of Vikings whose goal was to take control over the Viking settlements in Ireland. When the Irish annals describe Ímar and Amlaíb Conung as brothers, Hjardar and Vike claims that this has to be interpreted as a metaphor for "warrior brothers" or "brothers in arms".

Dynasts

The following list contains only members mentioned in the

and other reliable and semi-reliable sources, such as the ''

Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib ''Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib'' ("The War of the Irish with the Foreigners") is a medieval Irish text that tells of the depredations of the Vikings and Uí Ímair dynasty in Ireland and the Irish king Brian Boru's great war against them, begin ...

'', and among those only the ones who can be placed in the pedigree with relative confidence. Thus it is by no means complete. Among recent developments in scholarship it has been argued that the historical king of Northumbria contributing to the character of

Eric Bloodaxe Eric Haraldsson ( , ; c.930−954), nicknamed Bloodaxe ( , ) and Brother-Slayer (), was a Norwegians#Viking Age, Norwegian king. He ruled as List of Norwegian monarchs, King of Norway from 932 to 934, and twice as List of monarchs of Northumbr ...

was actually an Uí Ímair dynast. First proposed by James Henthorn Todd in 1867, and most recently considered by Alex Woolf and Clare Downham, it is possible the Uí Ímair were peculiar in that some early members, and possibly the entire known later dynasty, descended from the founder via the female line. After various authors. Birthdates are unknown. ''mac'' = son of; ''ingen'' = daughter of; ''ua'' = grandchild of; ''Ua (h)Ímair'' = surname (descendant of Ímar). * Ímar/Ívar/Ivar/Ívarr (died 873) ** Bárid mac Ímair (died 881) ** Sichfrith mac Ímair (died 888) ** Sitriuc mac Ímair (died 896) ** ? mac/ingen Ímair, and/or among the above sons *** Amlaíb ua Ímair (died 896) ***

Ímar ua Ímair Ímar ua Ímair ( , died 904); also known as Ivar II, was a Norse-Gaels, Norse-Gaelic Kingdom of Dublin, King of Dublin. He was a grandson of Ímar, Ivar Gudrødsson and a member of the powerful Uí Ímair. Biography Ímar ua Ímair became King ...

(died 904) *** Ragnall ua Ímair (died 920/1) **** ? mac Ragnaill (died 942) **** Ímar (died 950)? ***** probably Ímar of Waterford (died 1000) ****** Gilla Pátraic mac Ímair (died 983) ****** Ragnall mac Ímair (died 995) ****** Donndubán mac Ímair (died 996) ****** Ragnall mac Ímair II (died 1018) ******* ? mac Ragnaill (died 1015) ******* Ragnall mac Ragnaill (died 1035) ****** Sihtric mac Ímair (died 1022) *** Sitric Cáech (died 927) **** Sichfrith mac Sitric (died 937) **** Ausle mac Sitric (died 937) **** Aralt mac Sitric (died 940) ***** probably Maccus mac Arailt (died 984/7) ***** probably Gofraid mac Arailt (died 989) ******

Ragnall mac Gofraid Ragnall mac Gofraid (died 1004/1005) was King of the Isles and likely a member of the Uí Ímair kindred. He was a son of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles. Ragnall and Gofraid flourished at a time when the Kingdom of the Isles seems to ...

(died 1005) ****** Lagmann mac Gofraid (died ?) ******* Amlaíb mac Lagmann (died 1014) ******** ? Donnchadh mac Amlaíb (died 1014) ****** Máel Muire ingen Gofraid (died ?) **** Gofraid mac Sitriuc (died 951) **** Amlaíb Cuarán (died 981) ***** Ragnall mac Amlaíb (died 980) ***** Glúniairn (died 989) ****** Gilla Ciaráin mac Glúniairn (died 1014) ****** Sitric? mac Glúniairn (''fl''. 1036) ***** Aralt mac Amlaíb (died 999) ****** Ímar mac Arailt (died 1054) ***** Dubgall mac Amlaíb (died 1014) ***** Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb (died ?) ***** Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb (died 1021) ***** Gytha ingen Amlaíb (died ?) ***** Sigtrygg Silkbeard (died 1042) ****** Artalach mac Sitric (died 999) ****** Amlaíb mac Sitric I/II (died 1013) ****** Glúniairn mac Sitric (died 1031) ****** Amlaíb mac Sitriuc II/I (died 1034) ******* Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb (died ?) ****** Gofraid mac Sitric (died 1036) ****** Cellach ingen Sitric (died 1042) *** Gofraid ua Ímair (died 934) **** Alpdann mac Gofraid (died 927) **** Amlaíb mac Gofraid (died 941) ***** Cammán mac Amlaíb (''fl''. 962) ****

(''fl''. 943) **** Blácaire mac Gofraid (died 948) *** ? ua Ímair (or among the above grandsons?) **** Ímar Ua hÍmair, of Limerick (died 977) ***** Cú Allaidh mac Ímair (died 977) ***** Dubcenn mac Ímair (died 977) ****** Osli mac Dubceinn (died 1012) ****** Amond mac Dubceinn (died 1014) ***** Aralt mac Ímair (died 978) The precise lineage of one of the last widely agreed upon members of the dynasty,

Echmarcach mac Ragnaill Echmarcach mac Ragnaill (died 1064/1065) was a dominant figure in the eleventh-century Irish Sea region. At his height, he reigned as king over Kingdom of Dublin, Dublin, the Kingdom of the Isles, Isles, and perhaps the Kingdom of the Rhinns, Rh ...

, is uncertain. He was either a descendant of Ivar of Waterford (died 1000) or Gofraid mac Arailt (died 989). That of

Cacht ingen Ragnaill Cacht ingen Ragnaill was the queen of Donnchad mac Briain, from their marriage in 1032 to her death in 1054, when she is styled Queen of Ireland in the Irish annals of the Clonmacnoise group: the Annals of Tigernach and Chronicon Scotorum. Her ...

, Queen of

Donnchad mac Briain Donnchadh mac Briain (old spelling: Donnchad mac Briain) (died 1064), son of Brian Boru, Brian Bóruma and Gormflaith ingen Murchada, was King of Munster. Background Brian Bóruma was the first man to establish himself as High King of Ireland by ...

, may or may not depend upon Echmarcach's.

Family tree

Later Waterford and Limerick

The independent dynasty of Waterford founded or continued by Ivar of Waterford (died 1000) cannot be linked genealogically to the 'central' line of Dublin kings, but James Henthorn Todd gave him a descent from Ragnall ua Ímair, who never ruled there. Their claim to Dublin and the names of their dynasts suggest they did belong to the dynasty. Like in the case of the late Waterford dynasty, the pedigree of the last Norse to rule in Limerick is also uncertain. Ivar of Limerick (died 977), and surnamed Ua hÍmair, features prominently in the early 12th century saga ''

'', although he appears less in the annals, which are lacunose and in general poorer for western Ireland. In any case he and/or the Waterford dynasty are probably survived today through intermarriage with the O'Donovan family, verifiably associated with both and known for their use of Uí Ímair dynastic names in medieval times. A notable sept of the O'Donovans known as the Sliocht Íomhair or "Seed of Ivor" survived into early modern times. It is also periodically claimed that some of the family may even be male line descendants of Ivar of Waterford, a variant of which (through his son Donndubán) actually appeared in the ''

Encyclopædia Britannica The is a general knowledge, general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, ...

'' for a few decades. This remains unverified and the family do not make this last claim themselves. All (surviving) septs profess a Gaelic lineage.

Loss of Dublin

How long the Uí Ímair remained in Dublin after losing it to the Uí Cheinnselaig in 1052 is unknown. Following the death of Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó in 1072 the kingship appears to have been held by one Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, who may or may not have been a candidate supported by

Toirdelbach Ua Briain Toirdhealbhach ua Briain (old spelling: Toirdelbach ua Briain), anglicised ''Turlough O'Brien'' (100914 July 1086), was King of Munster and effectively High King of Ireland. A grandson of Brian Bóruma, Toirdelbach was the son of Tadc mac Briai ...

. While it has been argued he was installed by Toirdelbach, the annals themselves make no such statement, which but for one only briefly report Gofraid's death in 1075, and variously style him King of the Foreigners and King of Dublin. But according to the

Annals of Inisfallen The ''Annals of Inisfallen'' () are a chronicle of the medieval history of Ireland. Overview There are more than 2,500 entries spanning the years between 433 and 1450. The manuscript is thought to have been compiled in 1092, as the chronic ...

"Gofraid grandson of Ragnall, king of Áth Cliath, was banished over sea by Tairdelbach Ua Briain, and he died beyond the sea, having assembled a great fleet o cometo Ireland." So Gofraid, regardless of how he took the throne, thought he had some chance of reestablishing the dynasty independent in Dublin in spite of the Gaels. Godred Crovan may have been successful for a period after him.

Later Ireland in general, and intermarriage

The Uí Ímair dynasty was the precursor of a number of families in Ireland, both Gaelic and Norse speaking. However, the

Norman invasion of Ireland The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land in Ireland over which the monarchs of England then claimed sovereignty. The Anglo-Normans ...

led to the destruction of a vast majority of the medieval Norse-Irish and Gaelic aristocracy alike. This destruction was completed with the later Tudor conquest. Nevertheless, dense clusters of

given name A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a f ...

s strongly associated with the Norse dynasty can be found in notionally Gaelic families, in the great genealogical compilations of Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh and Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh, and in various other sources. And, while the dynasty was concentrated in Dublin, Waterford and Limerick, and thus in the southern half of Ireland, Gaelic families later using their given names with great frequency are found mainly in the northern half of Ireland: their pedigrees associate them with the

Connachta The Connachta are a group of medieval Irish dynasty, dynasties who claimed descent from the legendary High King of Ireland, High King Conn of the Hundred Battles, Conn Cétchathach (Conn of the Hundred Battles). The modern western Provinces of ...

, Uí Maine, and

Northern Uí Néill The Northern Uí Néill was any of several dynasties in north-western medieval Ireland that claimed descent from a common ancestor, Niall of the Nine Hostages. Other dynasties in central and eastern Ireland who also claimed descent from Niall ar ...

. None of these northern dynasties have a documented history of willing association with the Uí Ímair, or in the case of the first two any association at all. Of the Irish dynasties, the Uí Ímair are documented intermarrying only with the Osraighe (the FitzPatricks),

Laigin The Laigin, modern spelling Laighin (), were a Gaelic population group of early Ireland. They gave their name to the Kingdom of Leinster, which in the medieval era was known in Irish as ''Cóiced Laigen'', meaning "Fifth/province of the Leinste ...

O'Brien dynasty The O'Brien dynasty (; ; genitive ''Uí Bhriain'' ) was an Irish Clan and noble house of Munster, founded in the 10th century by Brian Boru of the Dál gCais (Dalcassians). After becoming King of Munster, through conquest he established hims ...

, the Southern Uí Néill Clann Cholmáin and Síl nÁedo Sláine and the aforementioned O'Donovans. In any event, the one long surviving source that might have contained pedigrees of surviving septs of the Uí Ímair themselves was a section in the

Great Book of Lecan The ''Great Book of Lecan'' or simply ''Book of Lecan'' () ( RIA, 23 P 2) is a late-medieval Irish manuscript written between 1397 and 1418 in Castle Forbes, Lecan (Lackan, Leckan; Irish ), in the territory of Tír Fhíacrach, near moder ...

. This section, specifically focused on the pedigrees and doings of the Norse families of Ireland, was still in existence in the 17th century, as reported by Mac Firbis himself, but has since become lost.

Later Mann and the Isles

Crovan dynasty

Descendants of the Dublin Uí Ímair most likely persisted into the 13th century in the line of Godred Crovan, King of Dublin and King of Mann and the Isles, even though his ancestry is not completely agreed upon. He was most likely the grandson of Ímar mac Arailt above, one of the last certain Uí Ímair kings of Dublin and a grandson of Amlaíb Cuarán. Godred's descendants, although vassals of the Kings of Norway, continued to rule into the 1260s, the last being Magnús Óláfsson (to 1265), or briefly his son Guðrøðr (1275).

Clann Somhairle

Although their descent from Godred Crovan is through the female line, Alex Woolf believes the Clann Somhairle ( Clan Donald and Clan MacDougall) or the

Lords of the Isles Lord of the Isles or King of the Isles ( or ; ) is a title of nobility in the Baronage of Scotland with historical roots that go back beyond the Kingdom of Scotland. It began with Somerled in the 12th century and thereafter the title was ...

can be regarded as a "

cadet branch A cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch's or patriarch's younger sons ( cadets). In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia, the family's major assets (realm, titles, fiefs, property and incom ...

" of the Uí Ímair, as they apparently based their claim to the Isles on this descent (according to Woolf). Their founder

Somerled Somerled (died 1164), known in Middle Irish as Somairle, Somhairle, and Somhairlidh, and in Old Norse as Sumarliði , was a mid-12th-century Norse-Gaelic lord who, through marital alliance and military conquest, rose in prominence to create the ...

married Ragnhild, daughter of Olafr Godredsson, King of Mann and the Isles and son of Godred Crovan. This of course assumes these dynasts belonged to the Uí Ímair. Sir Iain Moncreiffe attempted to reconstruct a male line descent from

himself to Somerled, but Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard has demonstrated that the proposed line is problematic in several respects. Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, "Second thoughts on Moncreiffe's theory of the origin of the 'Galley of the Isles'", Double Tressure (2022).

Gwynedd

Amlaíb mac Sitriuc (Ólafr son of Sigtrygg Silkbeard, King of Dublin) became an ancestor of the Kings of Gwynedd through his daughter Ragnhild, wife of Cynan ab Iago and mother of the famous

Gruffudd ap Cynan Gruffudd ap Cynan (–1137) was List of rulers of Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137. In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in Welsh resistance to House of Normandy, Norman rule. As a descen ...

Notes

References

* * Downham, Clare (2004). "Eric Bloodaxe - axed? The Mystery of the Last Viking King of York", in ''Mediaeval Scandinavia 1'': 51–77. * Downham, Clare (2007). ''Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014''. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. * * * Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram, & Frederik Pedersen (2005).
Viking Empires
'. Cambridge: U. P. . * Holman, Katherine (2007).
The Northern Conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland
'. Signal Books * Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005). ''Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic''. Oxford * Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2022). "Second thoughts on Moncreiffe's theory of the origin of the 'Galley of the Isles'", Double Tressure (2022). * Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.) (2001). ''The Vikings in Ireland''. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. * Loyn, H. R., (1977). ''The Vikings in Britain''. London: B. T. Batsford. (Rev. ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.) * Maund, K. L. (ed.) (2006), ''Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography''. Boydell Press. * Ní Mhaonaigh, Máire (1996). "''Cogad Gáedel Re Gallaib'' and the Annals: A Comparison", in ''

Ériu In Irish mythology, Ériu (; ), daughter of Delbáeth and Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was the eponymous matron goddess of Ireland. The English name for Ireland comes from the name Ériu and the Germanic languages, Germanic (Old Norse or ...

47'': 101–26
JSTOR
* Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (undated).
General: Vikings in Ireland
. UCC
Corpus of Electronic Texts
* * * Thornton, David E. (2006), "The Genealogy of Gruffudd ap Cynan", in K. L. Maund (ed.) (2006), ''Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography''. Boydell Press. pp. 79–108. * Todd, James Henthorn (ed. & tr.) (1867).
Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill
'. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. * Woolf, Alex (2002). "Age of Sea-Kings: 900-1300", in Donald Omand (ed.), ''The Argyll Book''. Edinburgh: Birlinn; pp. 94–109. * * Valante, Mary A. (2008). ''The Vikings in Ireland: Settlement, Trade and Urbanization''.

Four Courts Press Four Courts Press is an independent Irish academic publishing house, with its office at Malpas Street, Dublin 8, Ireland. Founded in 1970 by Michael Adams, who died in February 2009, its early publications were primarily theological, notably ...

. * {{DEFAULTSORT:Ui Imair 9th-century establishments in Ireland Viking Age in Ireland Noble families in the British Isles Scandinavian Scotland Gaelic families of Norse descent