USS Hornet (1805, Brig)

The third USS ''Hornet'' was a brig-rigged (later ship-rigged) sloop-of-war in the United States Navy. During the War of 1812, she was the first U.S. Navy ship to capture a British privateer.

Design

''Hornet'' was launched 28 July 1805 in Baltimore and commissioned there on 18 October, Master Commandant Isaac Chauncey in command.

''Hornet''s design was a compromise between the six original U.S. frigates and coastal gunboats championed by President Thomas Jefferson. The fledgling Navy needed a light-draft vessel that was fast and maneuverable, but also possessing sufficient firepower to deter or defeat enemy ships. ''Hornet''s design is attributed to Josiah Fox, but her builder, William Price, is said to have altered it based on the successful lines of the Baltimore Clipper, of which he had significant experience.

During his time as captain, Chauncey reported significant problems with ''Hornet''s rigging, hindering her overall potential. In response to these reports, ''Hornets sister ship, , constructed at the Washington Navy Yard, had her rigging changed to three masts and afterward reported excellent performance at sea.

1806–1812

''Hornet'' cruised the Atlantic coast until 29 March 1806 when she sailed to join the squadron protecting American commerce from threats of piracy in the Mediterranean. She returned to Charleston, South Carolina on 29 November 1807 and was decommissioned.

''Hornet'' was recommissioned on 26 December 1808. She transported General James Wilkinson to New Orleans, Louisiana, cruised in home waters to enforce the Embargo Act, and carried dispatches to Holland, France, and England. From November 1810 to September 1811, Hornet was rebuilt in the Washington Navy Yard. Based on the success of ''Wasp'', ''Hornet'' received a ship-rig with three masts carrying square sails. She also had two additional gun ports fitted, which increased her capacity to 20 guns. Instead of her original eighteen 9-pounder long guns, ''Hornet'' was fitted to carry eighteen 32-pounder carronades and two 12-pounder long guns.

War of 1812

At the outbreak of war, ''Hornet'' sailed under the command of Master Commandant James Lawrence. It was ''Hornet'' that carried the diplomatic messages from Britain, notifying the United States that the Royal Navy would continue impressing sailors from American ships. Lawrence then sailed ''Hornet'' with Commodore John Rodgers' Squadron on a raiding voyage to South America. It was during this voyage when the privateer ''Dolphin'' was captured on 9 July 1812 — the first prize of the war taken by a naval vessel — which was subsequently recaptured by the British while en route to the United States.

In October, ''Hornet'' sailed south with , under Commodore William Bainbridge, to harass British shipping. In December, Lawrence spotted and blockaded in the harbor at Salvador, Brazil. When (74 guns) arrived and broke the blockade, Lawrence shifted his efforts to the Caribbean.

On 24 February 1813, ''Hornet'' engaged off Demerary (Guyana). ''Hornet'' forced ''Peacock'', which had lost her captain and taken heavy casualties, to strike, but ''Peacock'' was so damaged that she sank shortly thereafter. ''Hornet'' then returned to New London, Connecticut. ''Lloyd's List'' initially reported that Captain Peake of ''Peacock'' and eight of her crew were killed in the action, and 27 were wounded; 19 men, who could not be rescued, went down with her when she sank, but ''Hornet'' rescued the rest. She herself had reportedly lost only one man killed and two wounded. She then arrived at Martha's Vineyard on 19 March.

''Hornet'' was then assigned to a squadron consisting of the frigates ''United States'' and ''Macedonian'' under the command of Commodore Stephen Decatur. The squadron was chased into the Thames River near New London and was blockaded. ''Hornet'' was able to escape from the blockade and resumed active service. The other two ships remained under blockade until the end of the war.

On 14 November 1814, under new command, ''Hornet'' sailed on a second raiding voyage to the South Atlantic. On 23 March 1815, she captured in a short battle off Tristan da Cunha. This was one of several naval engagements that took place after the war had ended. On 27 April, she engaged , having mistakenly identified her as a merchant vessel. ''Hornet'' managed to escape by throwing overboard boats, guns, and other equipment so to enable higher speed.

Loss

Following the war, ''Hornet'' cruised to the West Indies and Copenhagen in 1818; and, in 1819, to the Mediterranean. ''Hornet'' was later based at Key West and Pensacola, Florida to help end combat in the Caribbean Sea. She captured the pirate schooner ''Moscow'' 29 October 1821 off the coast of Santo Domingo.

She cruised throughout the Caribbean throughout the 1820s. In July 1822 under Captain Henley, ''Hornet'' was involved in action against ''Captain Paez'' as part of operations to suppress the illicit slave trade. ''General Paez'' had captured ''Theodore'', carrying Africans from the West coast of Africa. ''Hornet'' in turn captured this ship and took it to the Spanish port Havana.

She departed Pensacola for the last time on 4 March 1829, setting course for the coast of Mexico, and was never seen again. On 27 October 1829, the commander of the West Indies Squadron received information that ''Hornet'' had been dismasted in a gale off Tampico on 10 September 1829 and had foundered with the loss of all hands.

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

U.S.S. ''Hornet'' Order Book, 1823-1825, MS 56
held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hornet
Hornet 3
War of 1812 ships of the United States
Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico
Maritime incidents in September 1829
Ships built in Baltimore
1805 ships
Warships lost with all hands