Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

(5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

philosopher,

economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are ...

, sociologist,

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...

journalist A journalist is an individual that collects/gathers information in form of text, audio, or pictures, processes them into a news-worthy form, and disseminates it to the public. The act or process mainly done by the journalist is called journalis ...

, and

revolutionary socialist Revolutionary socialism is a political philosophy, doctrine, and tradition within socialism that stresses the idea that a social revolution is necessary to bring about structural changes in society. More specifically, it is the view that revoluti ...

. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being ''

The Communist Manifesto ''The Communist Manifesto'', originally the ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (german: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei), is a political pamphlet written by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Commu ...

''. Marx studied at the

University of Bonn The Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (german: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the ( en, Rhine ...

and the

University of Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative ...

, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the

Young Hegelians The Young Hegelians (german: Junghegelianer), or Left Hegelians (''Linkshegelianer''), or the Hegelian Left (''die Hegelsche Linke''), were a group of German intellectuals who, in the decade or so after the death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ...

. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in

Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...

, and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism. He moved to Paris in 1843, where he began writing for other radical newspapers and met

Fredrick Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
''

International Workingmen's Association The International Workingmen's Association (IWA), often called the First International (1864–1876), was an international organisation which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist groups and trad ...

. Marx's theories about society, economics and politics – collectively known as

Marxism Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical ...

– hold that human societies progress through class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class that controls production and a dispossessed labouring class that provides the labour for production. He called

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, priva ...

the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie," believing it to be run by the wealthy classes for their own benefit; and he predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system:

socialism Socialism is a left-wing Economic ideology, economic philosophy and Political movement, movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to Private prop ...

. He argued that class antagonisms under capitalism between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventuate in the working class' conquest of political power in the form of a

dictatorship of the proletariat In Marxist philosophy, the dictatorship of the proletariat is a condition in which the proletariat holds state power. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate stage between a capitalist economy and a communist economy, whereby the ...

and eventually establish a classless society, socialism or communism, a society governed by a

free association of producers Free association, also known as free association of producers, is a relationship among individuals where there is no state, social class, hierarchy, or private ownership of means of production. Once private property is abolished (distinctly not p ...

. Along with believing in the inevitability of socialism and communism, Marx actively fought for their implementation, arguing that social theorists and underprivileged people alike should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history. Revolutionary socialist governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries in the 20th century, leading to the formation of such socialist states as the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

in 1922 and the

People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

in 1949. Many labour unions and workers' parties worldwide are influenced by Marxism, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism,

Trotskyism Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a ...

, and

Maoism Maoism, officially called Mao Zedong Thought by the Chinese Communist Party, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed to realise a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of Ch ...

, were developed from them. Marx is typically cited, with

Émile Durkheim David Émile Durkheim ( or ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science, al ...

and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern

social science Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...

Timeline

The list on the left recounts significant events in the life of Karl Marx, and his friends and family. The list on the right provides contextual information, recounting wider political and historical events that had an effect on Marx. , (1788–1863) in

Trier Trier ( , ; lb, Tréier ), formerly known in English as Trèves ( ;) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the ...

, a town then part of the

Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. ...

's Province of the Lower Rhine , , - , 1820 , * 20 November, Marx's future collaborator and friend,

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' Barmen,

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...

as the oldest of nine children of the cotton manufacturer Friedrich Engels and his wife Elisabeth, ''née'' van Haar , , - , 1825 , , * 26 December,

Decembrist revolt The Decembrist Revolt ( ru , Восстание декабристов, translit = Vosstaniye dekabristov , translation = Uprising of the Decembrists) took place in Russia on , during the interregnum following the sudden death of Emperor Al ...

in Russia , - , 1830 , * October, after first being educated at home by his father, Marx is enrolled at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Trier at the age of twelve , * Several revolutions and uprisings takes place in Europe and the Americas throughout 1830 and the following year * 26–29 July, the Bourbon monarch, King

Charles X Charles X (born Charles Philippe, Count of Artois; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Lou ...

is overthrown in the French

July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (french: révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or ("Three Glorious ays), was a second French Revolution after the first in 1789. It led to the overthrow of King ...

* 25 August, outbreak of the Belgian Revolution which eventually leads to the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium in 1831 , - , 1831 , , Hegel portrait by Schlesinger 1831

* 14 November, the German philosopher

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends ...

(1770–1831) (''portrait pictured''), whose ideas on dialectics would influence much of Marx's work, dies at the age of 61 , - , 1832 , , * 27–30 May, the Hambach Festival, a mass political demonstration, is held in the Palatinate region demanding the unification of Germany , - , 1835 , * 24 September, Marx graduates Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium with good grades in Latin and Greek, decent in French and Mathematics, and a low grade in History * 15 October, at the age of seventeen, Marx is enrolled by his father at the

as a law student, despite his wishes to study philosophy and literature , , - , 1836 , * Summer, Marx is engaged to his childhood friend

Jenny von Westphalen Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny Edle von Westphalen (12 February 18142 December 1881) was a German theatre critic and political activist. She married the philosopher and political economist Karl Marx in 1843. Background Jenny von Westphalen was bor ...

in Trier * 22 October, having mismanaged his studies in Bonn, Marx is enrolled at the Frederick William University in Berlin as a law student and soon becomes a member of the

, , - , 1838 , * 10 May, Marx's father, Heinrich, dies in Trier , * Chartism, the first mass revolutionary workers’ movement, emerges in England , - , 1840 , , * 7 June, following his father's death

Frederick William IV Frederick William IV (german: Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 October 17952 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 7 June 1840 to his death on 2 January 1861. Also referred to ...

(1795–1861) is crowned

King of Prussia The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia. The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order, a Roman C ...

, - , 1841 , * Engels performs one year of compulsory military service with the Prussian Army in Berlin. While in the city he befriends the Zionist philosopher and socialist

Moses Hess Moses (Moritz) Hess (21 January 1812 – 6 April 1875) was a German-Jewish philosopher, early communist and Zionist thinker. His socialist theories led to disagreements with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. He is considered a pioneer of Labor Zi ...

(1812–1875), attends lectures at the Frederick William University and, like Marx before him, comes in contact with the

* 23 January, two poems by Marx, "Der Spielmann" and "Nachtliebe", are published in the periodical '' Athenäum'' in Berlin * 15 April, Marx is conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the

University of Jena The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (german: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. The un ...

, where he submitted his doctoral thesis, ''

The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature ''The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature'' (german: Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie, link=no) is a book written by German philosopher Karl Marx as his university thesis. Completed i ...

'', ''in absentia'', as it was deemed too controversial for the Frederick William University , Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach

* Publication of

Ludwig Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (; 28 July 1804 – 13 September 1872) was a German anthropologist and philosopher, best known for his book '' The Essence of Christianity'', which provided a critique of Christianity that strongly influenced gene ...

's (1804–1872) (''pictured'') ''

The Essence of Christianity ''The Essence of Christianity'' (german: Das Wesen des Christentums; historical orthography: ''Das Weſen des Chriſtenthums'') is a book by Ludwig Feuerbach first published in 1841. It explains Feuerbach's philosophy and critique of religion. ...

'', an important work for the

Young Hegelian The Young Hegelians (german: Junghegelianer), or Left Hegelians (''Linkshegelianer''), or the Hegelian Left (''die Hegelsche Linke''), were a group of German intellectuals who, in the decade or so after the death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ...

s , - , 1842 , Rheinische-zeitung-1842a

* 5 May, Marx begins writing for the ''

Rheinische Zeitung The ''Rheinische Zeitung'' ("Rhenish Newspaper") was a 19th-century German newspaper, edited most famously by Karl Marx. The paper was launched in January 1842 and terminated by Prussian state censorship in March 1843. The paper was eventually su ...

'' (''front-page pictured'') in

, where he becomes editor-in-chief on 15 October and publishes increasingly more radical articles * 12 April to 22 December, Engels anonymously contributes a total of seventeen articles to the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' * 3 March, Freiherr

Ludwig von Westphalen Johann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx. Biography Early life Johann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm. He was the younge ...

, the father of Marx's fiancée Jenny, dies in Trier * 16 November, Marx first encounters Engels, who visits the office of the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' on his way to England , , - , 1843 , * In Manchester, Engels met Mary Burns (1823–1863), a young working woman with radical opinions. They begin a relationship that lasts until her death two decades later, although they never marry * 17 March, under censorship and heavy pressure from the Prussian government, Marx resigns as editor-in-chief of the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' * 31 March, the last issue of the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' is published before it is completely banned the following day * 19 June, Marx marries

in Bad Kreuznach * October, seeing that further political activity in Germany is impossible, Marx moves to Paris * Late December, in Paris Marx meets the expatriate German poet Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), his third cousin once removed , , - , 1844 , Friedrich Engels-1840

* Marx befriends the anarchists

Mikhail Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (; 1814–1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary s ...

(1814–1876) and

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (, , ; 15 January 1809, Besançon – 19 January 1865, Paris) was a French socialist,Landauer, Carl; Landauer, Hilde Stein; Valkenier, Elizabeth Kridl (1979) 959 "The Three Anticapitalistic Movements". ''European Socia ...

(1809–1865) in Paris * February, together with

Arnold Ruge Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 – 31 December 1880) was a German philosopher and political writer. He was the older brother of Ludwig Ruge. Studies in university and prison Born in Bergen auf Rügen, he studied in Halle, Jena and Heidelberg. ...

(1802–1880), Marx publishes the first, and only, issue of '' Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher'' * May, in a letter Marx formally breaks off any future relationship with Ruge, after quarrelling repeatedly over money and other matters during the publication of ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher'' * 1 May, Karl and Jenny Marx's eldest daughter Jenny Caroline (1844–1883) is born in Paris * 28 August, meets

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' Café de la Régence The Café de la Régence in Paris was an important European centre of chess in the 18th and 19th centuries. All important chess masters of the time played there. The Café's masters included, but are not limited to: * Paul Morphy * François ...

in Paris, this second encounter becomes the start of their lifelong friendship and intellectual collaboration * Winter, works on the '' Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts'', also known as the ''Paris Manuscripts'', first published in 1932 , , - , 1845 , * 3 February, under pressure of the Prussian government Marx is expelled from Paris and moves to Brussels * 24 February, publishes '' The Holy Family'', written together with Engels the year before * Spring, writes the "

Theses on Feuerbach The "Theses on Feuerbach" are eleven short philosophical notes written by Karl Marx as a basic outline for the first chapter of the book ''The German Ideology'' in 1845. Like the book for which they were written, the theses were never published i ...

", first published by Engels in 1888 * 6 September, birth of Jenny and Karl Marx's second daughter Laura , , - , 1846 , * Summer, finishes work on ''

The German Ideology ''The German Ideology'' (German: ''Die deutsche Ideologie'', sometimes written as ''A Critique of the German Ideology'') is a set of manuscripts originally written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels around April or early May 1846. Marx and Engels ...

'' together with Engels, however they find no publisher and the work is not published until 1932 , , - , 1847 Publication of the first German edition of ''

The Poverty of Philosophy ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' (French: ''Misère de la philosophie'') is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, where he lived in exile from 1843 until 1849. It was originally written in French as a critique of the economic ...

'', translated by Eduard Bernstein and

Karl Kautsky Karl Johann Kautsky (; ; 16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theorist. Kautsky was one of the most authoritative promulgators of orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels i ...

, * July, ''

'', written in French, is published in Paris and Brussels as an answer to the economic and philosophical arguments of French anarchist

set forth in his 1846 book ''

The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (, , ; 15 January 1809, Besançon – 19 January 1865, Paris) was a French socialist,Landauer, Carl; Landauer, Hilde Stein; Valkenier, Elizabeth Kridl (1979) 959 "The Three Anticapitalistic Movements". ''European Social ...

''. * Late August, foundation of the

German Workers' Society German Workers' Society was an organisation founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in Brussels at the end of August 1847. It became the legal rallying centre for German revolutionary workers in Belgium. Some of the members were also members in t ...

in Brussels * 29 November to 8 December, participates in the first congress of the Communist League in London and is tasked, together with Engels, to write a manifesto on behalf of the group * 17 December, birth of Jenny and Karl Marx's eldest son Edgar (1847–1855) in Brussels , , - , 1848 , * 24 February, publication of the '' Communist Manifesto'' in German * 4 March, arrested in Brussels and expelled to Paris * 1 June, editor-in-chief of the ''

Neue Rheinische Zeitung The ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie'' ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849. It is recognised by historians as one of the ...

'', writes approximately 80 articles until 19 May 1849 , Europe 1848 map en

* In what remains the most widespread

revolutionary wave A revolutionary wave or revolutionary decade is one series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves have inspired current ones, or an initial revolution has ...

in European history, several revolutions takes place throughout 1848 and the beginning of the following year, before reactionary forces regains control and the revolutions collapse , - , 1849 , , , - , 1850 , , , - , 1851 , , , - , 1852 , , , - , 1853 , , , - , 1854 , , , - , 1855 , * 16 January, the Marx's youngest child

Eleanor Eleanor () is a feminine given name, originally from an Old French adaptation of the Old Provençal name ''Aliénor''. It is the name of a number of women of royalty and nobility in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The name was introd ...

(1855–1898) is born in London * 6 April, the son Edgar dies in London at the age of 8 from gastric fever , , - , 1856 , , , - , 1857 , , , - , 1858 , , , - , 1859 , , Editorial cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape (1871)

Editorial cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape (1871)

* 24 November, publication of

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended ...

's (1809–1882) ''

On the Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''),The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by Me ...

'' (''caricature of Darwin pictured'') , - , 1860 , , , - , 1861 , , , - , 1862 , , , - , 1863 , * 30 November, Marx's mother, Henriette, dies in Trier , , - , 1864 , , , - , 1865 , , , - , 1866 , , , - , 1867 , Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867

Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867

*14 September, publication of the first volume of ''

Das Kapital ''Das Kapital'', also known as ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' or sometimes simply ''Capital'' (german: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, link=no, ; 1867–1883), is a foundational theoretical text in materialist phi ...

'' (''title page pictured''), Marx's influential analysis of political economy and criticism of the capitalist mode of production , , - , 1868 , , , - , 1869 , , , - , 1870 , * During 1870 and the following year Engels writes about 60 articles on the Franco-Prussian War for the London daily newspaper the ''

Pall Mall Gazette ''The Pall Mall Gazette'' was an evening newspaper founded in London on 7 February 1865 by George Murray Smith; its first editor was Frederick Greenwood. In 1921, '' The Globe'' merged into ''The Pall Mall Gazette'', which itself was absorbed in ...

'' * September, Engels moves from Manchester to London , * 22 April, birth of

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...

* 19 July, outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War , - , 1871 , , Europe 1871 map en

* 1 January, formation of the German Empire * 21 March, Otto von Bismarck becomes Chancellor of Germany , - , 1872 , , , - , 1873 , , , - , 1874 , , , - , 1875 , , * 22–27 May, the

Socialist Workers' Party of Germany The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (german: Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD) was a centrist Marxist political party in Germany. It was formed as a left-wing party with around 20,000 members which split off from the SPD i ...

is founded at the unity congress in Gotha. At the congress the party adopts the Gotha Program, calling for

universal suffrage Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stan ...

freedom of association Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline mem ...

, limits on the

working day The weekdays and weekend are the complementary parts of the week devoted to labour and rest, respectively. The legal weekdays (British English), or workweek (American English), is the part of the seven-day week devoted to working. In most of t ...

, and for other laws protecting the rights and health of workers , - , 1876 , , , - , 1877 , , , - , 1878 , , * 18 December, birth of

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...

, - , 1879 , , * 7 November, birth of

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...

, - , 1880 , , , - , 1881 , * 2 December, Marx's wife Jenny dies in London after a long illness , , - , 1882 , , , - , 1883 , * 11 January, At the age of 38, Marx's eldest daughter

Jenny Jenny may refer to: * Jenny (given name), a popular feminine name and list of real and fictional people * Jenny (surname), a family name Animals * Jenny (donkey), a female donkey * Jenny (gorilla), the oldest gorilla in captivity at the time of ...

dies at

Argenteuil Argenteuil () is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil. Argenteuil is the sec ...

near

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

, probably from cancer of the bladder, a condition which had afflicted her for some time * 14 March, Marx dies in his home in London * 17 March, Marx is buried at

Highgate Cemetery Highgate Cemetery is a place of burial in north London, England. There are approximately 170,000 people buried in around 53,000 graves across the West and East Cemeteries. Highgate Cemetery is notable both for some of the people buried there as ...

* After the death of Marx, Engels dedicates himself to the editing and publication of their works , , - , 1884 , , , - , 1885 , * Engels publishes the second volume of ''Das Kapital'' * , , - , 1886 , , , - , 1887 , , , - , 1888 , , , - , 1889 , , , - , 1890 , , , - , 1891 , , * January 22, birth of Antonio Gramsci , - , 1892 , , , - , 1893 , , * 26 December, birth of

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...

, - , 1894 , * After nine years of work Engels publishes the third volume of ''Das Kapital'' , , - , 1895 , * 5 August, at the age of 74, Engels dies in London of

throat cancer Head and neck cancer develops from tissues in the lip and oral cavity (mouth), larynx (throat), salivary glands, nose, sinuses or the skin of the face. The most common types of head and neck cancers occur in the lip, mouth, and larynx. Symptoms ...

, , - , 1896 , , , - , 1897 , , , - , 1898 , *31 March, at the age of 43, Eleanor Marx commits suicide after discovering that her partner,

Edward Aveling Edward Bibbins Aveling (29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898) was an English comparative anatomist and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution, atheism and socialism. He was also a playwright and actor. Aveling was the author of numer ...

, had secretly married a young actress in June the previous year , , - , 1899 , , , - , 1900 , , , - , 1901 , , , - , 1902 , , , - , 1903 , , , - , 1904 , , , - , 1905 , *

publishes Marx's manuscript ''

Theories of Surplus Value ''Theories of Surplus Value'' (german: Theorien über den Mehrwert) is a draft manuscript written by Karl Marx between January 1862 and July 1863. It is mainly concerned with the Western European theorizing about ''Mehrwert'' (added value or sur ...

'', often referred to as the "fourth volume of ''

''", in three volumes between 1905 and 1910 , , - , 1906 , , , - , 1907 , , , - , 1908 , , , - , 1909 , , , - , 1910 , , , - , 1911 , * 26 November, at the age of 66, Marx's second daughter Laura commits suicide together with her husband

Paul Lafargue Paul Lafargue (; 15 January 1842 – 25 November 1911) was a Cuban- Haitian revolutionary Marxist socialist, political writer, economist, journalist, literary critic, and activist; he was Karl Marx's son-in-law having married his second dau ...

, 69, in

Draveil Draveil () is a commune in the department of Essonne in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...