''The Zoo'' is a one-act

comic opera Comic opera, sometimes known as light opera, is a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature, usually with a happy ending and often including spoken dialogue. Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy. By the 1730s, a ne ...

, with music by

Arthur Sullivan Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. He is best known for 14 comic opera, operatic Gilbert and Sullivan, collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including ''H.M.S. Pinaf ...

and a libretto by B. C. Stephenson, writing under the pen name of Bolton Rowe. It premiered on 5 June 1875 at the

St. James's Theatre The St James's Theatre was in King Street, St James's, London. It opened in 1835 and was demolished in 1957. The theatre was conceived by and built for a popular singer, John Braham; it lost money and after three seasons he retired. A suc ...

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

(as an afterpiece to

W. S. Gilbert Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan, which produced fourteen comic operas. The most f ...

's ''

Tom Cobb ''Tom Cobb or, Fortune's Toy'' is a farce in three-acts (styled "An Entirely Original Farcical Comedy") by W. S. Gilbert. The story concerns Tom, a young debtor who pretends to be a recently deceased man to avoid his debts. A family claims to in ...

''), concluding its run five weeks later, on 10 July 1875, at the

Haymarket Theatre The Theatre Royal Haymarket (also known as Haymarket Theatre or the Little Theatre) is a West End theatre on Haymarket in the City of Westminster which dates back to 1720, making it the third-oldest London playhouse still in use. Samuel Foote ...

. There were brief revivals in late 1875, and again in 1879, before the opera was shelved. The farcical story concerns two pairs of lovers. First, a nobleman, who goes to the zoo to woo the girl who sells snacks there. He tries to impress her by buying and eating all of the food. The other couple is a young chemist who believes that he has poisoned his beloved by mixing up her father's prescription with peppermint that he had meant for her. The score was not published in Sullivan's lifetime, and it lay dormant until

Terence Rees Terence Albert Ladd Rees (24 February 1928 – 15 November 2014) was a microbiologist but was best known as a collector of material relating to the theatre and music in Wales and Britain. He was also a published theatre historian and researcher, ...

purchased the composer's autograph at auction in 1966 and arranged for publication. The opera is in one act without spoken dialogue, running about 40 minutes. Like ''

Trial by Jury A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a legal proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact. It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions. Jury trials are used in a significant ...

'' and ''

Cox and Box ''Cox and Box; or, The Long-Lost Brothers'', is a one-act comic opera with a libretto by F. C. Burnand and music by Arthur Sullivan, based on the 1847 farce '' Box and Cox'' by John Maddison Morton. It was Sullivan's first successful comic o ...

'', it has been staged as a curtain-raiser to the shorter

Gilbert and Sullivan Gilbert and Sullivan was a Victorian era, Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the dramatist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and the composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900), who jointly created fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which ...

operas. Triple-bills of Sullivan's three one-act operas have also proved successful.

Background

Genesis of the work

How Sullivan came to collaborate with Stephenson is uncertain. Just ten weeks before ''The Zoo'' opened, ''

'' premiered at the

Royalty Theatre The Royalty Theatre was a small London theatre situated at 73 Dean Street, Soho. Established by the actress Frances Maria Kelly in 1840, it opened as Miss Kelly's Theatre and Dramatic School and finally closed to the public in 1938.

, with a libretto by Sullivan's more famous collaborator,

. But in 1875,

were not yet a permanent team. Sullivan had already written two operas with

F. C. Burnand Sir Francis Cowley Burnand (29 November 1836 – 21 April 1917), usually known as F. C. Burnand, was an English comic writer and prolific playwright, best known today as the librettist of Arthur Sullivan's opera ''Cox and Box''. The son of ...

, and in late 1874 he had travelled to Paris to see one of Offenbach's librettists, Albert Millaud, although it is not known if anything came of that meeting. In late January 1875, ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...

'' ran advertisements for the Royalty Theatre: "In preparation, a new comic opera composed expressly for this theatre by Mr. Arthur Sullivan, in which Madame Dolaro and

Nelly Bromley Eleanor Elizabeth Emily (Nelly, sometimes Nellie) Bromley (30 September 1850 – 27 October 1939) was an English actor and singer who performed in operettas, musical burlesques and comic plays. She is best remembered today for having created the ...

will appear." Reginald Allen and other writers took this as an advertisement for ''Trial by Jury''. However, as George McElroy noted, the advertisement does not mention a librettist, a peculiar omission if it was to have been W. S. Gilbert, since Gilbert was, at that point, better known to London theatregoers than Sullivan. Moreover, ''Trial'' has no place for two principal ladies, but ''The Zoo'' does. McElroy demonstrated that the January advertisement definitely was not for ''Trial'', when he discovered a further advertisement in ''The Era'' of 14 March 1875, which noted that "In consequence of the continued success of ''

La Périchole ''La Périchole'' () is an opéra bouffe in three acts by Jacques Offenbach. Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote the French libretto based on the 1829 one act play '' Le carrosse du Saint-Sacrement'' by Prosper Mérimée, which was revived on ...

'', the production of Mr. Sullivan's two-act opera is postponed." That two-act work must have been something entirely different from ''Trial by Jury'', which is in one act, and which opened just eleven days later. Commentators have suggested that ''The Zoo'' was mounted hastily to capitalize on the success of ''Trial''. For instance, Hughes writes, "Sullivan was so bitten by the stage bug that at the request of another manager he dashed off ''The Zoo'', with a librettist whose identity it would be kinder not to reveal since he afterwards did good work under a ''nom-de-plume''." But McElroy wonders "how Sullivan came to discover and set this libretto, by a relative beginner, so quickly?" He notes that a 13 March 1875 gossip column in the ''Athenæum'' said that Sullivan was working on new music for a piece at the St. James's, although for a different opera. From this, McElroy speculates that Stephenson was already working on the libretto of ''The Zoo'' for the St. James, while Sullivan was still busy preparing for the opening of ''Trial'': :It would seem strange (though, indeed, possible) for Sullivan to have undertaken a completely new opera while rushing to get ''Trial by Jury'' on stage. But if it had been finally decided that ''The Zoo'' would never make a two-act opera, while Sullivan had, perhaps, already composed numbers for it, this would have been a logical time to salvage them by telling Stephenson to boil the libretto down to one act and transferring the project to another theatre.

David Russell Hulme David Russell Hulme (born 19 June 1951) is a Welsh conductor and musicologist. He is an Emeritus Reader and the former Director of Music at Aberystwyth University and is known for his research and publications on the music of Arthur Sullivan, t ...

provides further evidence that the music of ''The Zoo'', or at least part of it, was already in existence before ''Trial by Jury'' opened. He notes that Sullivan's sketch manuscript for ''Trial'' contains the first sixteen bars of a solo for the Usher that was deleted before the opera's premiere, called "His Lordship's always quits". Aside from a key change, it is the same tune that Sullivan would use for Carboy's aria in ''The Zoo'', "I loved her fondly." But because Sullivan entered only a bit of the tune in his sketch, Hulme concluded that the composer "needed only a few notes to remind him of his intentions. (Nowhere else in the sketches do we find similar curtailment.) It is reasonable to suggest that he was able to do this because he intended drawing on ready-made material."Hulme (1984)

Early productions

The opera opened on 5 June 1875 at the

under the management of Marie Litton, sharing the bill with a W. S. Gilbert comic play, ''

''.

Henrietta Hodson Henrietta Hodson (26 March 1841 – 30 October 1910) was an English actress and theatre manager best known for her portrayal of comedy roles in the Victorian era. She had a long affair with the journalist-turned-politician Henry Labouchère, ...

starred as Eliza Smith. ''Trial by Jury'' was still running at the

with ''La Périchole''. Terrence Rees observed: : ere are two seemingly explicit references to Offenbach's ''La Périchole'', for both Carboy's comic attempt at suicide and the efforts of the chorus to revive the swooning nobleman have their parallels in the Offenbach work. The particular point of this imitation seems to lie in the fact that ''La Périchole'' was at that time sharing the bill with Sullivan's own ''Trial by Jury'' at a theatre not too distant from the St James', and the audience at ''The Zoo'' might reasonably be expected to know this." ''The Zoo'' ran for three weeks until the end of Litton's season, then transferred to the Haymarket Theatre on 28 June 1875, and closed on 10 July 1875. Its five-week run, between the two theatres, was not the hit that ''Trial by Jury'' had been, although

Kurt Gänzl Kurt-Friedrich Gänzl (born 15 February 1946) is a New Zealand writer, historian and former casting director and singer best known for his books about musical theatre. After a decade-long playwriting, acting and singing career, and a second ca ...

says that it "achieved a certain degree of success." There was a second production of ''The Zoo'' at the Philharmonic Theatre,

Islington Islington () is a district in the north of Greater London, England, and part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a mainly residential district of Inner London, extending from Islington's High Street to Highbury Fields, encompassing the ar ...

, from 2–30 October 1875, with Richard Temple (the future principal bass-baritone in the

Savoy Operas Savoy opera was a style of comic opera that developed in Victorian England in the late 19th century, with W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan as the original and most successful practitioners. The name is derived from the Savoy Theatre, which impr ...

) starring as the nobleman-in-disguise at the zoo, Thomas Brown. There it ran together with Offenbach's ''Les géorgiennes''. Sullivan then prevented the opera from being produced, for several years, although other producers were interested in reviving it. Allen quotes a letter of 22 June 1877, in which the composer wrote in the third person, "Mr. Sullivan begs to inform Mr. Cowper that the 'Zoo' has not yet been published, nor will it until considerable alterations have been made." In a letter to his friend Alan Cole on 22 November 1877, he wrote, "They want to revive the 'Zoo' at the

Strand Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa * Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa * Strand Street ...

. Will you rewrite it with me?" Both letters suggest that the composer was less than satisfied with what he had done in 1875. The final production of the piece during Sullivan's lifetime was at the Royalty Theatre from 14 April 1879 to 3 May 1879, with

Lottie Venne Lottie Venne (28 May 1852 – 16 July 1928) was a British comedian, actress and singer of the Victorian and Edwardian eras, who enjoyed a theatre career spanning five decades. Venne began her stage career in musical burlesque before moving into ...

as Eliza and W. S. Penley as Mr. Grinder.Stone, David
W. S. Penley Biography
at the Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte website, accessed 5 November 2009 Sullivan is not known to have made any of the revisions he had contemplated in 1877. It was once believed that Sullivan had re-used the music of ''The Zoo'' in his later compositions. In 1927,

Herbert Sullivan Herbert Thomas Sullivan (13 May 1868 – 26 November 1928), known as "Bertie", was the nephew, heir and biographer of the British composer Arthur Sullivan. He grew up as his uncle's ward and worked briefly as an engineer. After his uncle's dea ...

and

Newman Flower Sir Walter Newman Flower (8 July 1879 – 12 March 1964) was an English publisher and author. He transformed the fortunes of the publishing house Orion Publishing Group, Cassell & Co, and later became its proprietor. As an author, he published stu ...

wrote, "The ''Zoo'' was a trifle composed by Sullivan in 1875. ... It was never printed, and much of the music was used up again by the composer in his later

Savoy opera Savoy opera was a style of comic opera that developed in Victorian England in the late 19th century, with W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan as the original and most successful practitioners. The name is derived from the Savoy Theatre, which impr ...

s." This statement turned out to be one of many misleading statements in Sullivan and Flower's book when the score of ''The Zoo'' was rediscovered. No re-use of music from ''The Zoo'' has been identified.See DeOrsey, Stan
"Gilbert & Sullivan: Of Ballads, Songs and Snatches Lost or seldom recorded – ''Trial by Jury''
A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 2003, accessed 4 November 2009. DeOrsey suggests that several measures at the beginning of the song "I loved her fondly" were adapted as the first measures of "A wand'ring minstrel, I" in ''The Mikado''. Hughes, p. 17, says merely that it "foreshadows" "A wand'ring minstrel, I". See also Shepherd, Discography.

Modern productions

Herbert Sullivan inherited the manuscript of ''The Zoo'', and with the death of his widow, Elena, in 1957, the score became available. In 1966, Dr.

bought the score of ''The Zoo'' at auction and commissioned the creation of orchestra parts and a vocal score. The modern premiere was given by the

Fulham Fulham () is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham in West London, England, southwest of Charing Cross. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, bordering Hammersmith, Kensington and Chelsea. The area faces Wandsworth ...

Light Opera in 1971, broadcast by

BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 3 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC. It replaced the BBC Third Programme in 1967 and broadcasts classical music and opera, with jazz, world music, Radio drama, drama, High culture, culture and the arts ...

in 1972 and first recorded professionally by the

D'Oyly Carte Opera Company The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company is a professional British light opera company that, from the 1870s until 1982, staged Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas nearly year-round in the UK and sometimes toured in Europe, North America and elsewhere. Th ...

in 1978 with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; this was conducted by Royston Nash, and

Geoffrey Shovelton Geoffrey Richard Shovelton (27 April 1936 – 4 July 2016)

voiced a narration. Many productions of the show have been given since the 1970s. A professional production in the US was given by the

Light Opera of Manhattan Light Opera of Manhattan, known as LOOM, was an off-Broadway repertory theatre company that produced light operas, including the works of Gilbert and Sullivan and European and American operettas, 52 weeks per year, in New York City between 1968 an ...

Off-Broadway An off-Broadway theatre is any professional theatre venue in New York City with a seating capacity between 100 and 499, inclusive. These theatres are smaller than Broadway theatres, but larger than off-off-Broadway theatres, which seat fewer tha ...

in New York City in 1980 (together with ''Trial'' and ''

''), repeated in 1981. Other professional productions have been given in North America, most notably by the 1995

Shaw Festival The Shaw Festival is a not-for-profit theatre festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. It is the second largest repertory theatre company in North America. The Shaw Festival was founded in 1962. Originally, it only featured production ...

in Canada, when it was given 92 performances over a period of five months.

Ohio Light Opera The Ohio Light Opera is a professional opera company based in Wooster, Ohio that performs the light opera repertory, including Gilbert and Sullivan, American, British and continental operettas, and other musical theatre works, especially of the late ...

performed the piece in 1999. There was a single modern-dress performance of the work by

Scottish Opera Scottish Opera is the national opera company of Scotland, and one of the five national performing arts companies of Scotland. Founded in 1962 and based in Glasgow, it is the largest performing arts organisation in Scotland. History Scottish Op ...

about 1982 at the Theatre Royal in

Glasgow Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...

, Scotland. The first modern professional full production in Britain was given in the spring of 2007 at the

Finborough Theatre The Finborough Theatre is a fifty-seat theatre in the West Brompton area of London (part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea) under artistic director Neil McPherson. The theatre presents new British writing, as well as UK and world p ...

in London. In 2007, Charles Court Opera first performed ''The Zoo'' at

Cirencester Cirencester (, ; see below for more variations) is a market town in Gloucestershire, England, west of London. Cirencester lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames, and is the largest town in the Cotswolds. It is the home of ...

. In February 2009, the same company performed the opera at the Riverhouse Barn in London and at the

International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival The International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival was founded in 1994 by Ian Smith and his son Neil and is held every summer in England. The two- or three-week Festival of Gilbert and Sullivan opera performances and fringe events attracts thousands ...

s in

Buxton Buxton is a spa town in the Borough of High Peak, Derbyshire, England. It is England's highest market town, sited at some above sea level.

, England in each of 2009 and 2010. They performed it again at the same Festival both in

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Gettysburg (; non-locally ) is a borough and the county seat of Adams County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg (1863) and President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address are named for this town. Gettysburg is home to th ...

and Buxton in 2011, as part of a triple bill with ''Trial'' and ''Cox'', which has become a popular grouping of an evening of Sullivan's one-act operas. A 2015 production in Boston, Massachusetts, was paired with '' The Bear''.

Roles and casts

The following list shows the names of the original cast members, followed by those of the singers on the 1978 D'Oyly Carte recording. * Æsculapius Carboy (

tenor A tenor is a type of classical music, classical male singing human voice, voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest voice type. The tenor's vocal range extends up to C5. The lo ...

) – Carlos Florentine;

Meston Reid Alexander Meston Reid (21 March 1945 – 31 October 1993), better known as Meston Reid, was a Scottish opera singer and actor, best known for his performances in tenor roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. After wor ...

* Thomas Brown (

baritone A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice-types. The term originates from the Greek (), meaning "heavy sounding". Composers typically write music for this voice in the r ...

) – Edgar Bruce;

Kenneth Sandford Kenneth Sandford (28 June 1924 – 19 September 2004) was an English singer and actor, best known for his performances in baritone roles of the Savoy Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan. After service the Royal Air Force during World War II, San ...

* Mr. Grinder (

) – Charles Styne;

John Ayldon John Ayldon (11 December 1943 – 16 February 2013) was an English opera singer and comic actor, best known for his performances in bass-baritone roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Though born in England, Ayldon spen ...

* Lætitia Grinder (

soprano A soprano () is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types. The soprano's vocal range (using scientific pitch notation) is from approximately middle C (C4) = 261 Hz to "high A" (A5) = 880&n ...

) – Gertrude Ashton; Julia Goss * Eliza Smith (

mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano or mezzo (; ; meaning "half soprano") is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. The mezzo-soprano's vocal range usually extends from the A below middle C ...

) –

; Jane Metcalfe

Synopsis

At a zoological gardens, the proud and opinionated British Public gather to look at the animals. Æsculapius Carboy is discovered standing on a chair with a rope around his neck. The chorus insist that if he is going to commit suicide, he must first tell them the reason why. Carboy happily obliges. He had wooed Lætitia Grinder, the daughter of a prosperous grocer. Her father, Mr. Grinder, disapproved of their relationship, but Carboy, an

apothecary ''Apothecary'' () is a mostly archaic term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses '' materia medica'' (medicine) to physicians, surgeons, and patients. The modern chemist (British English) or pharmacist (British and North Ameri ...

(pharmacist), was able to communicate with her "in prescriptions." But one day, the labels for a dose of peppermint for Lætitia and a lotion for her father's back were mixed up. Carboy, believing that he has killed his love, has despaired of all hope. He intends to kill himself, but Eliza Smith, the no-nonsense keeper of the refreshment stall at the zoo, forbids it. Eliza's beau, Thomas Brown, appears, and they spend a romantic moment. Thomas begins to purchase and rapidly eat an astonishing amount of Eliza's refreshments. Lætitia enters, looking for Carboy. He is surprised to find her alive, but she explains that she did not drink the lotion as he had feared. They too describe their everlasting love and then combine with Thomas and Eliza as Eliza lists the remarkable catalogue of the food that Thomas has just eaten. Thomas explains that he has eaten all of her wares to prove his affection for her. Thomas then faints, and the male zoogoers argue with their wives about how to revive him. Carboy, explaining that he is a physician, asks the crowd to stand back and steps in to help. After making a quick examination, he writes a prescription, which Eliza takes to be filled. Thomas now revives briefly, and before passing out again, makes a delirious comment that implies that he is of noble birth. Carboy unfastens his patient's jacket, and the crowd are shocked to find that Thomas is a

Knight of the Garter The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry founded by Edward III of England in 1348. It is the most senior order of knighthood in the British honours system, outranked in precedence only by the Victoria Cross and the George ...

. Thomas revives, and it turns out that he is the Duke of

(a joke reference, since Islington was then a working-class

Cockney Cockney is an accent and dialect of English, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by working-class and lower middle-class Londoners. The term "Cockney" has traditionally been used to describe a person from the East End, or b ...

neighbourhood). He had disguised himself as a commoner so that he could search for a humble, virtuous wife without revealing his true rank. Now that his secret is discovered, Thomas makes a garbled but well-received speech and, taking the perceptive crowd's advice, resolves to propose marriage to Eliza as soon as he can change into his "native guise." He exits. Mr. Grinder arrives looking for Carboy and Lætitia, but no one will help him. Eliza returns and is upset to find that Thomas has disappeared. The amused crowd tell her, mysteriously, that he will return soon. Still upset, Eliza laments that she is a simple little child who cannot understand why wealthy men have always showered her with gifts and invitations. Grinder returns, confronting his disobedient daughter and her beloved apothecary. Lætitia begs her father to let her marry Carboy, but Grinder once again refuses. Hearing this, Carboy asks the crowd for a rope with which to hang himself. Failing at that, and after bidding Lætitia a lengthy farewell, he heads for the bear pit in the hopes of being killed by the fearsome creatures. Thomas Brown re-enters, now dressed as befits the Duke of Islington, and he grandly proposes to make Eliza his Duchess. She bursts into tears, reluctant to leave her beloved animals behind, but Thomas tells her not to worry: he has bought them all! Carboy now returns. His suicide attempt has failed, this time because the bear pit is being renovated, and the bears have been moved. He vows to head for the lion's den, but the Duke stops him. Thomas has reached a financial settlement with Mr. Grinder, who is now willing to accept Carboy as his son-in-law. The two pairs of lovers are united, and all ends happily, with the public proudly declaring that "Britons never, never will be slaves!"

Musical numbers

*No. 1. "The British Public" (Chorus) *No. 2. "I Loved Her Fondly" (Carboy and Chorus) *No. 3. "And Now Let's Go Back... Ah Maiden Fair" (Carboy and Chorus, then Tom and Eliza) *No. 4. "Laetitia's Song" (Laetitia) *No. 4b. "Where Is He?" (Laetitia, Eliza, Tom, Carboy) *No. 5. "Once More The Face" (Carboy, Laetitia, Eliza, Tom) *No. 6, "Help! Ah Help!" (Tom and Chorus) *No. 7. "Ho Guards! Minions!" (Tom, solos and Chorus)This song is discussed in Trigg
pp. 243–244
where the author says that the garter "channels the occluded class anxieties of the Garter myth". *Nos. 8 & 9. "Ladies and Gentlemen...We Gather From What You Have Said" (Tom and Chorus) *No. 10. "Where Is My Daughter?" (Grinder and Chorus) *No. 11. "I'm A Simple Little Child" (Eliza) *No. 12 "My Father!" (Laetitia, Carboy, Grinder and Chorus) *No. 13. "What Do I See In This Disguise?" (Finale)

Notes

References

* * * * * * * * * * * *

External links

*
BBC Radio 3 broadcast (1972)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo, The Operas by Arthur Sullivan English-language operas English comic operas Operas One-act operas 1875 operas Operas set in the British Isles