The ''Ten Computational Canons'' was a collection of ten Chinese mathematical works, compiled by early

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...

mathematician Li Chunfeng (602–670), as the official mathematical texts for

imperial examination The imperial examination (; lit. "subject recommendation") refers to a civil-service examination system in Imperial China, administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy. The concept of choosing bureaucrats by ...

s in mathematics. The Ten Computational Canons includes: #''

Zhoubi Suanjing The ''Zhoubi Suanjing'' () is one of the oldest Chinese mathematical texts. "Zhou" refers to the ancient Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE); "Bì" literally means "thigh", but in the book refers to the gnomon of a sundial. The book is dedicated to ...

'' (''Zhou Shadow Mathematical Classic'') #''

Jiuzhang Suanshu ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' () is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 2nd century CE. This book is one of the earliest sur ...

'' (''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'') #''

Haidao Suanjing ''Haidao Suanjing'' (; ''The Sea Island Mathematical Manual'') was written by the Chinese mathematician Liu Hui of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280) as an extension of chapter 9 of ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art''. L. van. He ...

'' (''The Sea Island Mathematical Classic'') #''

Sunzi Suanjing ''Sunzi Suanjing'' () was a mathematical treatise written during 3rd to 5th centuries AD which was listed as one of the Ten Computational Canons during the Tang dynasty. The specific identity of its author Sunzi (lit. "Master Sun") is still ...

'' (''The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi'') #'' Zhang Qiujian Suanjing'' (''The Mathematical Classic of Zhang Qiujian'') #'' Wucao Suanjing'' (''Computational Canon of the Five Administrative Sections'') #''

Xiahou Yang Suanjing ''Xiahou Yang Suanjing'' (''Xiahou Yang's Mathematical Manual'') is a mathematical treatise attributed to the fifth century CE Chinese mathematician Xiahou Yang (also known as Hsiahou Yang). However, some historians are of the opinion that ''Xiaho ...

'' (''The Mathematical Classic of Xiahou Yang'') #'' Wujing Suanshu'' (''Computational Prescriptions of the Five Classics'') #''

Jigu Suanjing ''Jigu suanjing'' ( zh, 緝古算經, ''Continuation of Ancient Mathematics'') was the work of early Tang dynasty calendarist and mathematician Wang Xiaotong, written some time before the year 626, when he presented his work to the Emperor. ''Jig ...

'' (''Continuation of Ancient Mathematical Classic'') #'' Zhui Shu'' (''Method of Interpolation'') It was specified in

laws on examination that ''Sunzi Suanjing'' and the ''Computational Canon of the Five Administrative Sections'' together required one year of study; ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' plus ''Haidao Suanjing'' three years; ''Jigu Suanjing'' three years; ''Zhui Shu'' four years; and ''Zhang Qiujian'' and ''Xia Houyang'' one year each. The government of the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

actively promoted the study of mathematics. There were two government xylograph editions of ''The Ten Computational Canons'' in the years 1084 and 1213. The wide availability of these mathematical texts contributed to the flourishing of mathematics in the Song and Yuan dynasties, inspiring mathematicians such as

Jia Xian Jia Xian (; ca. 1010–1070) was a Chinese mathematician from Kaifeng of the Song dynasty. Biography According to the history of the Song dynasty, Jia was a palace eunuch of the Left Duty Group. He studied under the mathematician Chu Yan, and ...

Qin Jiushao Qin Jiushao (, ca. 1202–1261), courtesy name Daogu (道古), was a Chinese mathematician, meteorologist, inventor, politician, and writer. He is credited for discovering Horner's method as well as inventing Tianchi basins, a type of rain gaug ...

Yang Hui Yang Hui (, ca. 1238–1298), courtesy name Qianguang (), was a Chinese mathematician and writer during the Song dynasty. Originally, from Qiantang (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Yang worked on magic squares, magic circles and the binomial theor ...

Li Zhi Li Zhi may refer to: *Emperor Gaozong of Tang (628–683), named Li Zhi, Emperor of China *Li Ye (mathematician) (1192–1279), Chinese mathematician and scholar, birth name Li Zhi *Li Zhi (philosopher) (1527–1602), Chinese philosopher from the M ...

and

Zhu Shijie Zhu Shijie (, 1249–1314), courtesy name Hanqing (), pseudonym Songting (), was a Chinese mathematician and writer. He was a Chinese mathematician during the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu was born close to today's Beijing. Two of his mathematical works ha ...

. In the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...

during the reign of the

Yongle Emperor The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424. Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...

, some of the ''Ten Canons'' were copied into the ''

Yongle Encyclopedia The ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' () or ''Yongle Dadian'' () is a largely-lost Chinese ''leishu'' encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408. It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls or chapters, in 1 ...

''. During the reign of the

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 t ...

in the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

, scholar

Dai Zhen Dai Zhen (, January 19, 1724 – July 1, 1777) was a Chinese philosopher of the Qing dynasty. Hailing from Xiuning, Anhui Dai was a versatile scholar who made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy. His philos ...

made copies of the ''Zhoubi Suanjing'', ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'', ''Haidao Suanjing'', ''Sunzi Suanjing'', ''Zhang Qiujian Suanjing'', ''Computational Canon of the Five Administrative Sections'', ''Xiahou Yang Suanjing'', ''Computational Prescriptions of the Five Classics'', ''Jigu Suanjing'', and ''Shushu Jiyi'' from the ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' and transferred them into another encyclopedia, the '' Siku Quanshu''. File:周髀算經.jpg, ''Zhoubi Suanjing'' File:九章算術.gif, ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' File:海岛算经.jpg, ''Haidao Suanjing'' File:Sun Zi Suanjing.JPG, ''Sunzi Suanjing'' File:WUCHAO SUANJING-002-002.jpg, ''Computational Canon of the Five Administrative Sections'' File:Jigu Suanjing.JPG, ''Jigu Suanjing'' File:WUCHAO SUANJING-073-073.jpg, ''Shushu Jiyi''

References

* Jean Claude Martzloff, ''A History of Chinese Mathematics'', pp. 123–126. . {{DEFAULTSORT:Ten Computational Canons Mathematics manuscripts Chinese mathematics