A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) ...

. It admits paraphyletic groups.

Systems

The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as ''Origin of Angiospermous Plants''. Further versions appeared in 1959 (''Die Evolution der Angiospermen'') and 1966 (''Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii''). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.

1966 system

Magnoliophyta Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

( Angiospermae) p. 51 ** Class: Magnoliatae (

Dicotyledones The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...

) p. 51 ** Class: Liliatae (

Monocotyledones Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...

) p. 461 *** Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461 *** Subclass B:

Liliidae Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae. Liliidae in T ...

p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') **** Superorder

Lilianae Lilianae (also known as Liliiflorae) is a botanical name for a superorder (that is, a rank higher than that of order) of flowering plants. Such a superorder of necessity includes the type family Liliaceae (and usually the type order Liliales). Te ...

p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') ***** Order Liliales p. 473 ****** Family

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair a ...

p. 474 ****** Family

Xanthorrhoeaceae ''Xanthorrhoea'' () is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants endemic to Australia. Species are known by the name grass tree. Description All are perennials and have a secondary thickening meristem in the stem. Many, but not all, ...

p. 476 ****** Family

Aphyllanthaceae ''Aphyllanthes'' is a genus of flowering plants with only one species, ''Aphyllanthes monspeliensis'', endemic to the western Mediterranean region. It is the only genus in the Aphyllanthoideae, a subfamily of the family Family (from la, f ...

p. 476 ****** Family

Alliaceae Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, '' Allium'' ...

p. 477 ****** Family

Agavaceae Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the aga ...

p. 478 ****** Family Amaryllidaceae p. 480 ****** Family

Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of '' Luzuriaga'' occurs in ...

p. 481 ****** Family

Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New ...

p. 482 ****** Family

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxidaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the 1998, 2003, and 2009 versions) recognizes this family. The family consists of four genera totalling som ...

p. 483 ****** Family

Velloziaceae Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. Relationships and evolution By contrast to oth ...

p. 483 ****** Family

Philesiaceae Philesiaceae is a family of flowering plants, including two genera, each with a single species. The members of the family are woody shrubs or vines endemic to southern Chile. The APG III system, of 2009 (unchanged from the APG II system of 2003 ...

p. 484 ****** Family

Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (un ...

p. 484 ****** Family

Cyanastraceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (un ...

p. 485 ****** Family Asparagaceae p. 486 ****** Family

Smilacaceae Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago dur ...

p. 487 ****** Family Stemonaceae p. 487 ****** Family

Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of ''Dioscorea''). The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both ...

p. 488 ****** Family

Taccaceae The genus ''Tacca'', which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various oceanic islands. In older text ...

p. 489 ****** Family Phylydraceae p. 491 ****** Family

Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, ...

p. 490 ***** Order

Bromeliales Bromeliales is an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by a few systems of plant taxonomy, with a various placement. It appears that it always has had the same circumscription: consisting only of the family Bromeliaceae ...

p. 492 ***** Order Iridales p. 494 ***** Order

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morphologi ...

p. 498 ***** Order

Orchidales {{Unreferenced, date=December 2009 ''Orchidales'' is an order of flowering plants. In taxonomical systems, this is a relatively recent name as early systems used descriptive botanical names for the order containing the orchids. The Bentham & H ...

p. 505 **** Superorder Juncanae p. 510 *** Subclass C:

Commelinidae In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) (plural, not capitalised) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV ...

p. 461 *** Subclass D:

Arecidae Arecidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Arecaceae. Arecidae i ...

p. 525

1997 system

As published in ''Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants'' * Division

(2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families ** Class

Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classif ...

Brongn. (1843) (

Dicotyledons The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...

) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families *** Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997) *** Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997) *** ... *** Subclass

Asteridae ''Asteridae'' is an obsolete botanical name at the rank of subclass. Composition of the subclass has also varied; however, by definition it always includes the family Asteraceae (Compositae). In the modern APG IV system of classification, asterid ...

Takht. (1967) *** Subclass

Lamiidae The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Bi ...

Takht. ex Reveal (1993) ** Class

Liliopsida Liliopsida Batsch (synonym: Liliatae) is a botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family). It is considered synonymous (or nearly synonymous) with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopol ...

Batsch (1802) (

Monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families *** Subclass

Takht. (1967) **** Superorder

Takht. (1967) 14 orders ***** Order

Melanthiales Melanthiales Link (melanthoid lilies) was an order of monocotyledons, whose name and botanical authority is derived by typification from the description of the type family, Melanthiaceae by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1829. In Rolf Dahlgr ...

R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829) ***** Order Trilliales ''Takht.'' (1996) ***** Order Liliales Perleb (1826) ****** Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) ****** Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) ***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** .... ***** Order

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...

Bromhead (1838) ***** Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997) ***** Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999) *** Subclass

Takht. (1967) *** Subclass

Alismatidae {{Short description, Subclass of flowering plants Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being t ...

Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992) *** Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)

2009 system

As published in ''Flowering Plants'' * Phylum

(flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996) ** Class

Brongn. (1843) (

) p. 7 ** Class

Scop. (1760) (

) p. 595 *** Subclass I:

p. 589 *** Subclass II:

Takht. (1966) p. 625 **** Superorder

Takht. (1966) ***** Order

R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Trilliales Takht. (1996) ***** Order Liliales Perleb (1826) ****** 1. Family

Campynemataceae Campynemataceae (Campynemaceae) is a family of flowering plants. The family consists of two genera and four species of perennial herbaceous plants endemic to New Caledonia and Tasmania. Taxonomy Originally described by Dumortier in 1829, Campy ...

****** 2. Family

Colchicaceae Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes 15 genera with a total of about 285 known species according to Christenhusz and Byng in 2016. Description The family is characterized by the presence of colchicine. Taxonomy The APG III ...

****** 3. Family Tricyrtidaceae ****** 4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634 ****** 5. Family Calochortaceae p. 634 ****** 6. Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634 ****** 7. Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634 ***** Order

Burmanniales Burmanniales Mart. (Burmanniales Blume, Burmanniales Heintze) was an order of monocotyledons, subsequently discontinued. Description Small perennial or annual mycorrhizal herbs that are achlorophyllous (lacking chlorophyll) and mycotrophic ...

***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** Order

Smilacales Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago dur ...

***** Order

***** Order Iridales ***** Order Amaryllidales ***** Order

**** Superorder Pandananae **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997) **** Superorder

Arecanae Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. Taxonomy The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypogo ...

*** Subclass III:

p. 693 *** Subclass IV:

p. 699

References

Bibliography

* * * * * ; Works by Takhtajan * * * ** * * *

External links

* Takhtajan system a
CSDL, Texas
Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system)

Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Takhtajan