Tōyama Mitsuru

was a Japanese far right and ultra nationalist politician who founded secret societies called Genyosha ('' Black Ocean Society'') and Kokuryukai (''Black Dragon Society''). Tōyama was an Anti Communist and a strong proponent of Pan Asianism.

Early life

Tōyama was born to a poor ''samurai'' family in Fukuoka City in Kyūshū. In his youth, he fought in the Saga Rebellion of 1874.

In 1881, Tōyama became one of the founders of the ''Genyosha'', a secret society whose agenda was to agitate for Japanese military expansion and conquest of the Asian continent. The society attracted disaffected ex-samurai, and also figures involved in organized crime to assist in its campaigns of violence and assassination against left-wing politicians. In 1889, Tōyama and the ''Genyosha'' were implicated in the attempted assassination of foreign minister Ōkuma Shigenobu.

Covert government cooperation

Tōyama was both a founder and one-time head of the ''Black Dragon Society''.

Immediately prior to the start of the First Sino-Japanese War, Tōyama organized the '' Tenyukyo'', a secret society and paramilitary force that operated in Korea prior to the arrival of the Imperial Japanese Army, making detailed topographic maps, scouting out Chinese and Korean military installations and deployment, and arranging for logistic support. Along with ''Genyosha'' operatives in Korea and Manchuria, the ''Tenyukyo'' provided interpreters and guides to the regular Japanese army after their invasion.

Tōyama was a strong supporter of Japanese control over Manchuria, and joined forces with the anti-Russian '' Tairo Doshikai'' movement in 1903. He also supported the Chinese republican revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty and gave considerable support to Sun Yat-sen. When the Chinese revolution began in 1911, he went to China in person as an advisor and to personally oversee Genyosha activities and to provide assistance to Sun Yat-sen.

Following the Chinese revolution, Tōyama officially retired, and apparently refused to play an active role in the Black Dragon Society (''Kokuryu-Kai'') that he helped create as a successor to the ''Genyosha''. He remained an influential behind-the-scenes figure in Japanese politics during the following years.

Influence in nationalist Japan

In the 1930s, he was considered as a superpatriot by a large section of the Japanese public, including the military. In 1932, after the assassination of several "liberal" political figures, and following rumors that then Premier Saito and others were to be assassinated in turn, the government had Tōyama's house raided and searched, and his son arrested - leading to a momentary pacification of the situation.

Legacy

Although Tōyama remained a private citizen all his life, he was known as the "Shadow Shogun," "Spymaster," and "The Boss of Bosses," because of his tremendous covert influence on the nationalist politics and the ''yakuza'' crime syndicates. He also wrote an influential book on the "Three Shu" ( Katsu Kaishū, Takahashi Deishu, and Yamaoka Tesshū). Despite his ultranationalism, Tōyama was paradoxically on good terms with Onisaburo Deguchi, Japan's most fervent pacifist. Tōyama was a charismatic, complex, and controversial figure in his lifetime, and remains so to this day.

He died in 1944 at his summer home on Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture, at the base of Mount Fuji.

Radio Tokyo announced that funeral services lasting more than three hours were held for him in Tokyo.Associated Press, "State Funeral Given Black Dragon Chief", ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, Thursday 12 October 1944, Volume 51, page 11.

See also

* ''Black Dragon Society''

References

Obituary; Oct 6, 1944, The New York Times pg. 23
Joseph C. Grew, ''Ten years in Japan'' p 69 ASIN: B0006ER51M

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyama, Mitsuru
1855 births
1944 deaths
Japanese politicians
People from Fukuoka
Pan-Asianists
Anti-American sentiment in Japan
Burials at Aoyama Cemetery