''Työmies'' (The Worker) was a politically radical Finnish-language newspaper published primarily out of

Hancock, Michigan Hancock is a city in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of Hancock was 4,501 at the 2020 United States census. The city is located within Houghton County, Michigan, Houghton County, and ...

, and

Superior, Wisconsin Superior (; ) is a city in Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. The population was 26,751 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Located at the western end of Lake Superior in northwestern Wisconsin, the city l ...

. Launched as a weekly in July 1903, the paper later went to daily frequency and was issued under its own name until its merger with the

communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...

newspaper '' Eteenpäin'' (Forward) in 1950 to form ''Työmies-Eteenpäin''. ''Työmies'' was affiliated with the Finnish Socialist Federation of the

Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialist political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America ...

before later becoming a publication of the Communist Party, USA.

History

Establishment

''Työmies'' was established in

Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester ( , ) is the List of municipalities in Massachusetts, second-most populous city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the list of United States cities by population, 113th most populous city in the United States. Named after Worcester ...

, in 1903 as ''Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies'' (The Finnish-American Worker).Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Dirk Hoerder with Christiane Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography: Volume 1: Migrants from Northern Europe.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987; pp. 224, 234-235. The original ''Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies'' began publication with the purpose of spreading socialism and held an inclusive stance towards religion despite historical conflict between the labor movement and Finnish Lutheranism. However, this flexible stance changed only a month later when Vihtori Kosonen became editor. In June 1904 the publication was moved to the small town of Hancock, located in the

Upper Peninsula of Michigan The Upper Peninsula of Michigan—also known as Upper Michigan or colloquially the U.P. or Yoop—is the northern and more elevated of the two major landmasses that make up the U.S. state of Michigan; it is separated from the Lower Peninsula of ...

. The paper remained in that location for a decade before moving to the comparative metropolis of

, a virtual twin city of

Duluth, Minnesota Duluth ( ) is a Port, port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota, St. Louis County. Located on Lake Superior in Minnesota's Arrowhead Region, the city is a hub for cargo shipping. The population ...

. ''Työmies''' first Michigan-produced issue appeared on August 16, 1904, and included the election platform of Socialist Party Presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs.John I. Kolehmainen, Sow the Golden Seed, pp. 29-31. Circulation of the paper grew to about 4,000 in that year. From its earliest days, ''Työmies'' was a

Marxist Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflic ...

publication, considered significantly more radical than its East Coast counterpart established in January 1905, '' Raivaaja'' (The Pioneer). Both of these radical weeklies had broader organizational goals than merely bringing the news to a Finnish-American readership profitably, instead seeking to help construct a potent network of Finnish Americans to advance the cause of

socialism Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...

through political and economic means.Peter Kivisto, ''Immigrant Socialists in the United States: The Case of Finns and the Left.'' Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984; pg. 96. Local Finnish socialist groups began to centralize around the same period that ''Työmies'' (and ''Raivaaja)'' were launched, holding a convention at Duluth in 1904 as the "Finnish-American Labor League." In 1906 the 73 affiliated Finnish locals were admitted to the

(SPA) as the Finnish Socialist Federation, thereby adding between 2,000 and 3,000 members to the party's ranks. The Finnish-Americans thereby became the first of the SPA's language federations, which would come to dominate the party's membership rolls by the end of the 1910s. From the mid 1910s onward, the Finnish-American socialists focused on political action, labor organization, and the building of cooperatives to promote their cause.

Other publications

The ''Työmies'' Publishing Company briefly published an English-language paper called ''Wage Slave'' starting in 1908 which was intended as Michigan's Socialist Party mouthpiece, advocating for the Socialist Party of America. This paper signaled an attempt to reach non-Finns in the American working class struggle and served as a multi-ethnic promoter of the Copper Country's labor movement, Michigan's socialists, and the Socialist Party of America. The ''Työmies'' Publishing Company also published a number of annual magazines in the Finnish language. These periodicals had a key theme of solidarity with fellow workers, though they also offered discussion of current events and the socialist leaning interpretation of the events. Some of these magazines included ''Köyhälistön Nuija, Luokkataistelijan Asevarasto, Punainen Juhannus, Työmiehen Joulu, Työväen Kalenteri, Soihtu, Uuden Ajan Soihtu, Vappu'' and ''Pelto ja Koti. Pelto ja Koti'' was a periodical of the cooperative movement specifically directed towards Finnish American farmers. It was considered the best-known and largest paper meant for Finnish-American farmers and the cooperative movement. The paper advertised for a meeting of co-operative store organizers which was eventually held in Superior in July 1916 and led to the creation of the Central Cooperative Exchange (CCE) on August 30, 1917.Heinilä, Hannu. “‘Sooner or Later You’re a Cooperator’: The Finnish American Cooperative Movement.” ''Finns in the United States: A History of Settlement, Dissent, and Integration'', edited by Auvo Kostiainen, Michigan State University Press, 2014, pp. 157–69. The Central Cooperative Exchange had a close connection to the labor movement and the ''Työmies'' newspaper supported cooperative ideas from its start in 1903, doing the bulk of the work to connect cooperatives and socialists. The CCE worked to spread the idea of the consumers’ cooperative movement among Finns across North America. Thus, the ''Työmies'' Publishing Company served as a platform for organizing collective action first during the 1914 strikes in the Copper country and later as part of the cooperative movement. In addition to these magazines, the ''Työmies'' Publishing Company also published translations of American authors such as Clarence Darrow, James H. Brower, Robert Ingersol,

Jack London John Griffith London (; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London, was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors t ...

, “Big” Bill Haywood, and Charles H. Moyer in an effort to introduce the Finnish immigrant to selected American viewpoints on social issues that promoted the company's causes of socialism and unionism.Kaunonen, Gary. ''Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan’s Copper Country''. Michigan State University Press, 2010. pp. 91-102. Starting in 1912, the ''Työmies'' Publishing Company also began publishing a Finnish-English dictionary. The company reached its height in 1912 with sixty-three workers and while it also reached its financial peak at this time, they were forced to spend some funds on legal costs due to a run in with the federal government over the mailing of “obscene literature” with issues of ''Lapatossu''.

''Työmies'' in the 1914 split

During the early 1910s, the Finnish socialist movement had become deeply divided between a center-left majority faction (so-called " opportunists"), who sought to use electoral methods to attain state power and to initiate transformative reforms, and a left wing (so-called " impossibilists"), who considered all reformist gradualism to be useless and counterproductive and who instead favored the use of strikes and

sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization (warfare), demoralization, destabilization, divide and rule, division, social disruption, disrupti ...

by the radical labor movement to bring about a revolutionary change.Auvo Kostiainen, ''The Forging of Finnish-American Communism, 1917-1924: A Study in Ethnic Radicalism.'' Turku, Finland: Turun Yliopisto, 1978; pg. 38. The "opportunists" continued to control the Finnish Socialist Federation through the organization's third triennial convention, held in June 1912 in Smithville, Minnesota, forcing the revolutionary industrial unionists to retreat from their support of the

direct action Direct action is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action is to either obstruct a certain practice (such as a governm ...

methods espoused by the booming

Industrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members are nicknamed "Wobblies", is an international labor union founded in Chicago, United States in 1905. The nickname's origin is uncertain. Its ideology combines general unionism with indu ...

.Kostiainen, ''The Forging of Finnish-American Communism,'' pg. 39. The radicals continued to agitate for their perspective, however, concentrating their efforts on the Federation-sponsored Work People's College, located at Smithville. In 1913 a massive strike of copper miners erupted in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, including a large number of Finns. The strike was long and bitter, stretching into 1914, and ultimately government soldiers were called in to end the strike and restore the production of copper in the mines. The defeat of the strike and widespread

blacklist Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considere ...

ing of strikers further exacerbated the tactical differences among the Finnish-American socialists.Kostiainen, ''The Forging of Finnish-American Communism,'' pg. 40. It was after this strike that the ''Työmies'' relocated its headquarters to

. Rumors suggested that the move was related to a fall in revenue caused in part by a boycott of the paper by anti-socialist businesses in Hancock and in part due to the large sums of money the ''Työmies'' contributed to workers during the

Copper Country strike of 1913–14 Copper is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductility, ductile metal with very high thermal conductivity, thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly expo ...

.Kaunonen, Gary. ''Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan’s Copper Country''. Michigan State University Press, 2010. pp.174-175 However, internal divisions and perhaps a desire to relocate closer to Minnesota's booming iron ranges, which offered a greater chance to expand their organization, led to the ''Työmies''’ departure from Hancock; the search for a new location preceded the unrest caused by the Copper Miners’ strike.

Communist years

During its Communist Party phase, which began in about 1920, the circulation of the daily fluctuated in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 copies, declining to around 5,000 in 1950, at which time it was merged with the CPUSA's East Coast Finnish-language newspaper, '' Eteenpäin,'' to form ''Työmies-Eteenpäin.''

''Työmies-Eteenpäin''

The ''Työmies-Eteenpäin'' was established in 1950 to present news on cultural, political, and trade union issues of interest to Finnish Americans. The merger occurred because of diminishing support of communism amongst Finns in the US (and therefore a decreasing readership). However, there had been discussion of a merger between the ''Työmies'' and ''Eteenpäin'' already in 1935 as it was thought it would be better to merge the papers while they still had a strong following. ''Työmies-Eteenpäin'' originally had strong communist leanings, but later mellowed over the decades to become more of a link between Finns in different parts of the United States rather than addressing a political agenda. The paper was published five times a week in the 1950s and later it was published only three times a week.

Later years

Termination

''Työmies-Eteenpäin'' ran from 1950 to 1998, however in 1986 the English-language ''Finnish American Reporter'' was established and continues to circulate out of

Finlandia University Finlandia University was a private Lutheran university from 1896 to 2023 in Hancock, Michigan. It was the only private university in the Upper Peninsula. Founded in 1896 as Suomi Opisto (Finnish College) and Theological Seminary, it was affiliat ...

in Hancock, MI, as a politically unaffiliated paper with readership across the United States and Canada.