The Tuparí languages of

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

form a branch of the Tupian language family.

Internal classification

The Tupari languages are:Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019
Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama
''Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli'', v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305.
PDF
* Tupari ** Makuráp ** Nuclear Tupari *** Akuntsu– Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya) *** Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró None are spoken by more than a few hundred people. A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020
The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages
''Journal of Language Relationship'' 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319. *Tuparian **'' Makurap'' **Core Tuparian ***Wayoró–Tuparí ****'' Wayoró'' ****'' Tuparí'' ***Corumbiara ****'' Mekéns'' ****'' Akuntsú''

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Tupari **Macuráp group ***Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia). ***Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the

Verde River The Verde River ( Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona. Description The ri ...

, Rondônia. ***Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River. ***Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the

and Mequéns River in the same region. ***Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and

, Rondônia. ***Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia). ***Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown. ***Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the

Branco River The Branco River (; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands which separat ...

São Simão River The São Simão River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (States of Brazil, Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries i ...

, the same territory; now probably extinct. **Kepkeriwát group ***Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the

Pimenta Bueno River The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (States of Brazil, Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries ...

Proto-language

Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed fro
DiACL
9 February 2020. :

Syntax

In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are

absolutive In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative� ...

, i.e., they index the sole

argument An argument is a series of sentences, statements, or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion. The purpose of an argument is to give reasons for one's conclusion via justification, explanation, and/or persu ...

of an

intransitive verb In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb, aside from an auxiliary verb, whose context does not entail a transitive object. That lack of an object distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more objects. Add ...

(S) and the

patient A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by Health professional, healthcare professionals. The patient is most often Disease, ill or Major trauma, injured and in need of therapy, treatment by a physician, nurse, op ...

argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are

nominative In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of E ...

: they may encode the sole

of an

(S) or the

agent Agent may refer to: Espionage, investigation, and law *, spies or intelligence officers * Law of agency, laws involving a person authorized to act on behalf of another ** Agent of record, a person with a contractual agreement with an insuran ...

argument of a

transitive verb A transitive verb is a verb that entails one or more transitive objects, for example, 'enjoys' in ''Amadeus enjoys music''. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not entail transitive objects, for example, 'arose' in ''Beatrice arose ...

(A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.

References

External links

Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupari languages Tupian languages *