trichothiodystrophy

Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterised by brittle hair and intellectual impairment. The word breaks down into ''tricho'' – "hair", '' thio'' – "sulphur", and ''dystrophy'' – "wasting away" or literally "bad nourishment". TTD is associated with a range of symptoms connected with organs of the ectoderm and neuroectoderm. TTD may be subclassified into four syndromes: Approximately half of all patients with trichothiodystrophy have photosensitivity, which divides the classification into syndromes with or without photosensitivity; BIDS and PBIDS, and IBIDS and PIBIDS. Modern covering usage is TTD-P (photosensitive), and TTD.

Presentation

Features of TTD can include photosensitivity, ichthyosis, brittle hair and nails, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility and short stature. A more subtle feature associated with this syndrome is a "tiger tail" banding pattern in hair shafts, seen in microscopy under polarized light. The acronyms PIBIDS, IBIDS, BIDS and PBIDS give the initials of the words involved. BIDS syndrome, also called Amish brittle hair brain syndrome and hair-brain syndrome, is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. It is nonphotosensitive. BIDS is characterized by brittle hair, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility, and short stature.Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. . There is a photosensitive syndrome, PBIDS.

BIDS is associated with the gene MPLKIP (TTDN1). IBIDS syndrome, following the acronym from ichthyosis, brittle hair and nails, intellectual impairment and short stature, is the Tay syndrome or sulfur-deficient brittle hair syndrome, first described by Tay in 1971. (Chong Hai Tay was the Singaporean doctor who was the first doctor in South East Asia to have a disease named after him.) Tay syndrome should not be confused with the Tay–Sachs disease. It is an autosomal recessive congenital disease. In some cases, it can be diagnosed prenatally. IBIDS syndrome is nonphotosensitive.

Cause

The photosensitive form is referred to as PIBIDS, and is associated with ERCC2/XPD and ERCC3.

Photosensitive forms

All photosensitive TTD syndromes have defects in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, which is a vital DNA repair system that removes many kinds of DNA lesions. This defect is not present in the nonphotosensitive TTD's. These types of defects can result in other rare autosomal recessive diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome.

DNA repair

Currently, mutations in four genes are recognized as causing the TTD phenotype, namely '' TTDN1'', '' ERCC3/XPB'', '' ERCC2/XPD'' and '' TTDA''. Individuals with defects in ''XPB'', ''XPD'' and ''TTDA'' are photosensitive, whereas those with a defect in ''TTDN1'' are not. The three genes, ''XPB'', ''XPD'' and ''TTDA'', encode protein components of the multi-subunit transcription/repair factor IIH (TFIIH). This complex factor is an important decision maker in NER that opens the DNA double helix after damage is initially recognized. NER is a multi-step pathway that removes a variety of different DNA damages that alter normal base pairing, including both UV-induced damages and bulky chemical adducts. Features of premature aging often occur in individuals with mutational defects in genes specifying protein components of the NER pathway, including those with TTD (see DNA damage theory of aging).

Non-Photosensitive forms

The non-photosensitive forms are caused by '' AARS1'', '' CARS1, TTDN1, RNF113A, TARS1'' and ''MARS1'' genes''.'' The function of ''AARS1'', ''CARS1'' and ''TARS1'' gene are to charge tRNAs with amino acid. According to one study, the ''TTDN1'' gene plays role in mitosis. Some study suggests that the '' RNF113A'' gene is a part of spliceosome and it can terminate CXCR4 pathway through CXCR4 Ubiquitination.

RNF113A causes X-linked recessive form of TTD.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of TTD can by made by showing low sulfur content by biochemical assay of hair shafts, also, it can by following findings:

* Trichoschisis (broken or split hairs)
* Alternating light and dark bands called 'tiger-tail pattern' are found in the hair shaft, which can be detected by polarised light microscopy or trichoscopy.
* A severely damaged or absent hair cuticle can be seen by electron microscopy scanning.

Treatment

This disease doesn't have a cure, although it can be managed symptomatically. Patients with Photosensetive forms should be provided with sun protection.

See also

* Skin lesion
* List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

NIH document on Tay syndrome

{{Progeroid syndromes

Genodermatoses
Autosomal recessive disorders
Congenital disorders
Rare diseases
Syndromes
DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders
Progeroid syndromes